Influence of climate on alpine stream chemistry and water sources

The resilience of alpine/subalpine watersheds may be viewed as the resistance of streamflow or stream chemistry to change under varying climatic conditions, which is governed by the relative size (volume) and transit time of surface and subsurface water sources. Here, we use end‐member mixing analysis in Andrews Creek, an alpine stream in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, from water year 1994 to 2015, to explore how the partitioning of water sources and associated hydrologic resilience change in response to climate. Our results indicate that four water sources are significant contributors to Andrews Creek, including snow, rain, soil water, and talus groundwater. Seasonal patterns in source‐water contributions reflected the seasonal hydrologic cycle, which is driven by the accumulation and melting of seasonal snowpack. Flushing of soil water had a large effect on stream chemistry during spring snowmelt, despite making only a small contribution to streamflow volume. Snow had a large influence on stream chemistry as well, contributing large amounts of water with low concentrations of weathering products. Interannual patterns in end‐member contributions reflected responses to drought and wet periods. Moderate and significant correlations exist between annual end‐member contributions and regional‐scale climate indices (the Palmer Drought Severity Index, the Palmer Hydrologic Drought Index, and the Modified Palmer Drought Severity Index). From water year 1994 to 2015, the percent contribution from the talus‐groundwater end member to Andrews Creek increased an average of 0.5% per year (p < 0.0001), whereas the percent contributions from snow plus rain decreased by a similar amount (p = 0.001). Our results show how water and solute sources in alpine environments shift in response to climate variability and highlight the role of talus groundwater and soil water in providing hydrologic resilience to the system.     

2019年3月江苏响水化工厂爆炸当量的估计

2019年3月21日江苏盐城响水化工厂发生爆炸,造成了巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失.人们很关心这次爆炸的规模以及它相当于多大当量的炸药爆炸.随着观测资料的增多与地震学方法的发展,利用地震学方法估算爆炸当量成为可能.本文收集了广岛核爆事件、美国化学爆炸试验、长白山人工震源勘探、朝鲜六次核试爆资料和前人研究成果,讨论了爆炸当量与爆炸所产生地震震级的关系,计算了爆炸能量转换地震波能量的比例.当某次爆炸发生时,如果其产生的地震事件被台站记录到,我们可以估算地震波的能量.进而根据地震波能量在爆炸总能量中的比例,估算爆炸事件释放的能量.本研究估计江苏响水爆炸事故所释放炸药量约为2.8~8.5tTNT炸药.     

重力异常场空间-波数混合域三维数值模拟

重力勘探中复杂条件下的三维正演计算量大存储要求高,使得这种条件下重力勘探高效、精细正反演变得困难.针对这一问题,提出一种空间-波数混合域数值模拟方法,该方法将空间域引力位积分进行水平方向二维傅里叶变换,将三维空间域卷积问题转换为多个不同波数之间相互独立的空间垂向一维积分问题,一维积分垂向可离散为多个单元积分之和,每个单元采用二次形函数表征密度变化,可得出单元积分的解析表达式.该方法计算量和存储需求少,算法高度并行;保留垂向为空间域,优势之一在于可根据实际情况合理调整单元疏密程度,准确模拟任意复杂地形和密度异常体的重力异常,兼顾计算精度与计算效率;优势之二在于用形函数拟合求得积分的解析解,计算精度和效率高;充分利用一维形函数积分的高效和高精度,不同波数之间一维积分高度并行性及快速傅里叶变换的高效性,实现重力异常场三维数值模拟.设计棱柱体模型,通过数值解和解析解对比验证了该方法的正确性、适用性和高效性.针对任意复杂地形条件下的重力场及其张量的模拟问题,提出一种快速算法,对其有效性进行了验证.探究标准FFT法的截断效应对计算精度的影响,对比分析Gauss-FFT法和标准FFT扩边法两种方法的计算精度和效率,总结了二者的选取策略,结果表明选用标准FFT扩边法计算效率更高.实际地形的数值模拟表明本文算法适用于任意复杂地形的高效计算.     

女贞子多糖的化学研究

提出了女贞子多糖ＬＬ－１的分离、纯化、纯度鉴别和化学结构测定。通过甲基化反应、过碘酸盐氧化、Ｓｍｉｔｈ降解、部分酸水解、气相层析、ＩＲ和ＣＮＭＲ等方法揭示了其化学结构。     

廊坊地区中间层顶钠原子垂直动力学输送特征观测分析

利用中科院国家空间科学中心廊坊观测站（40.0° N,116.3° E）钠荧光多普勒激光雷达观测数据对钠原子的重力波输送和湍流输送进行分析,利用流星雷达观测数据对钠原子的环流输送进行分析,结果显示重力波动力学输送、重力波化学输送、湍流混合输送及环流输送对钠原子输送贡献的量级相当.其中重力波动力学输送在85~100 km整体为负向,在90~95 km占主要地位的平均输送速度为-3.1 cm·s^-1;重力波化学输送在85~94 km为正向,94~100 km基本为负向,在85~90 km占主要地位的平均输送速度为3.3 cm·s^-1;湍流混合输送在85~95 km为负向,95~100 km为正向,在85~90 km占主要地位的平均输送速度为-4.9 cm·s^-1;85~100 km环流输送整体为正向,平均输送速度为1 cm·s^-1.88~95 km四种动力学输送产生的平均合速度为-1 cm·s^-1,负向的垂直输送特征对钠原子"源""汇"平衡十分重要.本文结果可为不同大气圈层之间重力波产生的能量物质交换机制研究和圈层之间的耦合过程研究提供观测事实参考,为大气化学成分的垂直输送机制建模提供参数化依据.     

Three-dimensional turbulent structures at a medium-sized confluence with and without an ice cover

River confluences are characterized by a complex mixing zone with three-dimensional (3D) turbulent structures which have been described as both streamwise-oriented structures and Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) vertical-oriented structures. The latter are visible where there is a turbidity difference between the two tributaries, whereas the former are usually derived from mean velocity measurements or numerical simulations. Few field studies recorded turbulent velocity fluctuations at high frequency to investigate these structures, particularly at medium-sized confluences where logistical constraints make it difficult to use devices such as acoustic doppler velocimeter (ADV). This study uses the ice cover present at the confluence of the Mitis and Neigette Rivers in Quebec (Canada) to obtain long-duration, fixed measurements along the mixing zone. The confluence is also characterized by a marked turbidity difference which allows to investigate the mixing zone dynamics from drone imagery during ice-free conditions. The aim of the study is to characterize and compare the flow structure in the mixing zone at a medium-sized (~40 m) river confluence with and without an ice cover. Detailed 3D turbulent velocity measurements were taken under the ice along the mixing plane with an ADV through eight holes at around 20 positions on the vertical. For ice-free conditions, drone imagery results indicate that large (KH) coherent structures are present, occupying up to 50% of the width of the parent channel. During winter, the ice cover affects velocity profiles by moving the highest velocities towards the centre of the profiles. Large turbulent structures are visible in both the streamwise and lateral velocity components. The strong correlation between these velocity components indicates that KH vortices are the dominating coherent structures in the mixing zone. A spatio-temporal conceptual model is presented to illustrate the main differences on the 3D flow structure at the river confluence with and without the ice cover. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Switch in chemical weathering caused by the mass balance variability in a Himalayan glacierized basin: a case of Chhota Shigri Glacier

Long-term data (2003–2015) on meltwater chemistry, mass balance and discharge of a benchmark glacier (Chhota Shigri Glacier, India) were studied to determine any association between these variables. To infer the factors governing the alteration of chemical weathering processes in glacierized basins, multi-annual records of the hydrochemical indices (Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺/Na⁺+K⁺) and the C-ratio were also examined. A succession of negative mass balance years has resulted in a decline in solute concentrations in the runoff, as discharge has increased. The (Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺/Na⁺+K⁺) and C-ratio are highest during periods of negative annual mass balance, when the spatial extent of the channelized drainage system increases. Conversely, these ratios are lowest in positive mass balance years, when the spatial extent of the channelized drainage system decreases, and chemical weathering in the distributed drainage system becomes more dominant. This paper is the first to show the inter-annual linkages between meltwater chemistry, mass balance and discharge for a valley glacier.