控制点与检查点数量和比例对水深遥感反演精度的影响分析

在水深遥感反演半经验模型中,水深控制点和检查点选取是一项非常重要的工作,前者用于建立实测水深值与遥感影像灰度值之间的数量关系,后者用于评价水深反演精度。但前人在相关研究中并未就控制点和检查点的选取数量和比例给出有实验依据的建议,亦未开展其对水深反演精度的影响分析。针对这个问题,作者使用6020个实测水深点和World View-2、GF-1 WFV、Landsat8 OLI 3种多光谱影像,基于三波段水深反演模型开展了81组实验,分析比较了不同数量和比例的控制点与检查点对反演结果的影响,评价过程利用平均绝对误差(Mean Absolute Error,MAE)、平均相对误差(Mean Relative Error,MRE)和反映实测水深与反演水深相关性的决定系数R2等3种参数。结果表明:(1)当控制点数量达到31个时,水深反演精度即趋于稳定;(2)检查点数量在30个时,其评价指标已可以代表模型反演精度;(3)控制点和检查点的数量比例对反演精度并无影响,但控制点选取过多则会产生反演精度降低的现象,采用人工选取检查点时剔除浅水区的异常点即可有效避免这一问题。     

加强高土石坝抗震研究的现实意义及工作展望

围绕西部大开发和南水北调战略的需要,对高土石坝抗震研究的现实意义和若干关键问题及研究现状进行了论述。并针对高土石坝震害资料获取与整理、坝料动力特性研究、多耦合非线性动力分析理论和方法、动力破损特征与地震灾害机理、地震安全评价与震害预测的基本理论、抗震设计及抗震措施、震灾机理和抗震理论的动力模型试验等研究提出了工作设想和展望,并提出了建立土石坝地震安全评价及防灾对策专家系统的基本思路。     

蚌埠闸及上游闸坝对淮河自然水文情势的影响

淮河流域建设了许多闸坝,为揭示如此密集的闸坝对河流自然水文情势的影响,选取比较典型的淮河干流上的蚌埠闸作为控制节点,用成熟的IHA法和RVA法,研究蚌埠闸及其上游闸坝对水文情势的影响程度,同时通过蚌埠水文站水文情势变化的估算来分析闸坝对淮河河流生态水文条件的影响。结果显示,这些闸坝对河流水文情势的影响强烈,特别是在枯水季节。由此得出的淮河蚌埠段生态水文目标可为蚌埠闸开展生态系统管理、生态修复以及进行生态调控提供理论支持。     

1：50000正射影像数据检查库设计及实现

国家1：50000基础地理信息数据库更新工程正射影像数据库是1：50000数据库更新工程建设的重要组成部分。为保证正射影像数据各项指标符合项目设计要求．保证入库数据的质量,并为今后进一步更新提供依据,设计正射影像数据检查库,并存1：50000DOM更新工程中实施和应用,实现了正射影像数据入库检查的程序化处理和自动质量评判。     

Risk analysis for clustered check dams due to heavy rainfall

Check dams are commonly constructed around the world for alleviating soil erosion and preventing sedimentation of downstream rivers and reservoirs.Check dams are more vulnerable to failure due to their less stringent flood control standards compared to other dams.Determining the critical precipitation that will result in overtopping of a dam is a useful approach to assessing the risk of failure on a probabilistic basis and for providing early warning in case of an emergency.However,many check dams are built in groups,spreading in several tributaries in cascade forms,comprising a complex network.Determining the critical precipitation for dam overtopping requires a knowledge of its upstream dams on whether they survived or were overtopped during the same storm,while these upstream dams in turn need the information for their upstream dams.The current paper presents an approach of decomposing the dam cluster into(1)the heading dam,(2)border dams,and(3)intermediate dams.The algorithm begins with the border dams that have no upstream dams and proceeds with upgraded maps without the previous border dams until all the dams have been checked.It is believed that this approach is applicable for small-scale check dam systems where the time lag of flood routing can be neglected.As a pilot study,the current paper presents the analytical results for the Wangmaogou Check Dam System that has 22 dams connected in series and parallel.The algorithm clearly identified 7 surviving dams,with the remaining ones being overtopped for a storm of 179.6 mm in 12 h,which is associated with a return period of one in 200 years.     

FITS图像处理技术荟萃及在太阳观测中的应用

针对FITS图像文件的特点,结合其在天文学领域的广泛应用,对其各种处理技术进行了简明扼要的介绍.包括FITS文件完整性的检查、文件头和数据内容的查看、图像特性的伪彩编码、文件格式的转换、数据的压缩及相关太阳物理信息的提取等内容.     

一种基于梯度和与一致性组合策略的无缝纹理映射方法研究

针对三维纹理映射中存在接缝、颜色差异大等问题,采用基于梯度值之和的选片算法,结合一致性检查、全局颜色校正和局部颜色校正等策略,消除影像的模糊、重影与色差,实现无缝纹理映射,同时避免影像失焦和障碍物的影响,试验结果表明,该方法纹理映射效果较好。     

Earthquake damage to earth dams in Japan—maximum epicentral distance to cause damage as a function of magnitude

Small scale agricultural earth dams have been damaged by several past earthquakes. Damage to earth dams occurred at distances from the epicentre that increased in proportion to the scale of the earthquakes. On studying the damage a constant relation between the magnitude of the earthquake and maximum epicentral distance where the damage occurred was obtained. This relationship is similar to that obtained between the magnitude and the maximum epicentral distance at which liquefaction occurs. This, and the fact that earth dams which have been damaged several times due to liquefaction were near the critical epicentral distance, suggests that liquefaction of the foundation ground is the main cause of damage to earth dams.     

Direct finite element method for nonlinear earthquake analysis of concrete dams: Simplification,modeling, and practical application

A direct finite element (FE) method for nonlinear response history analysis of semi-unbounded dam-water-foundation systems has recently been presented. The analysis procedure employs standard viscous-damper absorbing boundaries to model the semi-unbounded foundation and fluid domains and specifies the seismic input as effective earthquake forces—determined from a control motion defined at the foundation surface—at these boundaries. Presented in this paper are several simplifications to this direct FE method that greatly facilitates its implementation in commercial FE software. Also addressed is the modeling of the principal nonlinear mechanisms for concrete dams, calibration of damping in the numerical model to ensure consistency with values measured at actual dams, and practical procedures for implementation of the direct FE method with a commercial FE program.     

Interacting effects of multiple factors on the morphological evolution of the meandering reaches downstream the Three Gorges Dam

Elucidating the influence of dams on fluvial processes can inform river protection and basin management. However, relatively few studies have focused on how multiple factors interact to affect the morphological evolution of meandering reaches. Using hydrological and topographical data, we analyzed the factors that influence and regulate the meandering reaches downstream the Three Gorges Dam (TGD). Our conclusions are as follows. (1) The meandering reaches can be classified into two types based on their evolution during the pre-dam period: G1 reaches, characterized by convex point bar erosion and concave channel deposition (CECD), and G2 reaches, characterized by convex point bar deposition and concave channel erosion (CDCE). Both reach types exhibited CECD features during the post-dam period. (2) Flow processes and sediment transport are the factors that caused serious erosion of the low beaches located in the convex point bars. However, changes in the river regime, river boundaries and jacking of Dongting Lake do not act as primary controls on the morphological evolution of the meandering reaches. (3) Flood discharges ranging from 20,000 to 25,000 m³/s result in greater erosion of convex point bars. The point bars become scoured if the durations of these flows, which are close to bankfull discharge, exceed 20 days. In addition, the reduction in bedload causes the decreasing of point bar siltation in the water-falling period. (4) During the post-dam period, flood abatement, the increased duration of discharges ranging from 20,000 to 25,000 m³/s, and a significant reduction in sediment transport are the main factors that caused meandering reaches to show CECD features. Our results are relevant to other meandering reaches, where they can inform estimates of riverbed change, river management strategies and river protection.