泰安市岩溶塌陷特征及探测方法研究

泰安市岩溶塌陷点主要集中在城区水源地与旧县水源地,对当地居民生产生活造成严重影响,急需查明已知塌陷点范围及隐伏溶洞位置,进行针对性治理。本文通过应用地质雷达、高密度电法与浅层地震,对已知土洞、隐伏溶洞及已知塌陷点进行探测,对东羊娄村与羊西村探测异常进行钻探验证,结果吻合较好。经分析研究认为:地质雷达能较好地分辨浅部土洞的位置;浅层地震探测深度较大,可以较准确地分辨覆盖层厚度与隐伏溶洞的空间位置,但对浅层土洞的分辨率较低;浅层土洞与隐伏溶洞在高密度电法电阻率断面图上有明显的反映,其分辨率不如地质雷达与浅层地震。根据不同物探方法的优点,结合研究区地质情况,提出了综合物探方法探测隐伏岩溶的最优化方案,以供参考。     

Anomalous drip in the Punkva caves (Moravian Karst): relevant implications for paleoclimatic proxies

The anomalous drip in the Punkva caves (Moravian Karst) shows specific hydrogeochemical properties such as low SI_calcite ~ 0.14 ± 0.11 (standard deviation), low mineralization (4.53 ± 0.42) × 10^?3 mol l^?1, and enhanced values of δ¹³C (?7.85 to ?8.35‰ VPDB), Mg/Ca × 1000 ratio (45.7 ± 3.3), and Sr/Ca × 1000 ratio (0.65 ± 0.06). By these properties, the anomalous drip significantly differs from other regular drips in the same cave and other caves in the region. The study suggests that the anomalous drip properties are a consequence of prior calcite precipitation or/and water mixing along the water flow path. As the former processes are spatially controlled, the knowledge of dripwater flow path seems to be necessary for correct paleoclimatic/paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A late Holocene climate record in stalagmites from Modrič Cave (Croatia)

Few terrestrial Holocene climate records exist from south‐eastern Europe despite its important geographical position as a transitional climatic zone between the Mediterranean and mainland continental Europe. Here we present new petrographic and stable isotope data for two Holocene speleothems from Modri? Cave, Croatia (44°15′N, 15°32′E), a coastal Adriatic site (120 m inland). Modern meteorological and cave conditions have been monitored for 2 years to understand the links between climate variability and stable isotope time‐series records in speleothems. Typical of a Mediterranean‐type climate, a negative water balance exists between April and September, so that recharge of the aquifer is restricted to the winter months. The weighted mean δ¹⁸O of the rainfall is ?5.96‰ (2σ = 2.83), and the weighted mean D/H rainfall value is ?36.83‰ (2σ = 19.95), slightly above the Global Meteoric Water Line, but well below the Mediterranean Meteoric Water Line. Modern calcite from the tops of each stalagmite exhibits δ¹⁸O values that are close to isotopic equilibrium with their respective drip water values. Unfortunately, the relatively young ages and low uranium contents (ca. 50 p.p.b.) of both stalagmites hamper the use of U‐series dating. Radiocarbon dates have been used instead to constrain their chronology using a dead carbon correction. Apart from some Isotope Stage 3 material (ca. 55 ka), both stalagmites were deposited during the late Holocene. Climatic conditions during the late Holocene are inferred to have been sufficiently wet to maintain stalagmite growth and any hiatuses appear to be relatively short lived. Inferred changes in the stalagmite diameters during deposition are linked to δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O variations, indicating alternating periods of drier and wetter conditions. Drier conditions are inferred for the late Roman Ages warm period and the mid‐Medieval Warm Period. Wetter conditions are associated with the Little Ice Age. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

石花洞8层溶洞展示北京西山新构造运动的隆升

北京大石河南岸从上游至下游依次分布鸡毛洞、银狐洞、石花洞、清风洞和孔水洞,由一条地下暗河将其连为一体,称为石花洞系。石花洞系为多层溶洞,可分为上下8层,即洞外山顶穿洞（唐县期）和洞穴上下7层。多层溶洞的每一层形成于岩溶水的水平流动带,新近纪以来,随着北京西山间歇性隆升,形成上下不同海拔高度的8层溶洞,可以和北京西山永定河的8级阶地对比,也可以和G．B．Barbour划分的8次华北地文期对比。石花洞的8层溶洞显示北京西山的8次抬升。     

高阻溶洞上高密度电法与高密度联合剖面法异常响应特征研究

为探讨高密度电法与联合剖面法寻找高阻溶洞的效果,利用水槽模型试验及野外现场实测方法,总结了高密度电法常用排列方式、不同成图方法在高阻溶洞上的异常响应特征,讨论了异常体地表投影位置及中心埋深的确定方法。提出探测高阻溶洞采用高密度电法温纳排列（α1）、β排列和高密度联合剖面三种方法的最佳组合方法。     

塔里木盆地塔河油田奥陶系古风化壳储集体形成演化

塔河油田奥陶系古风化壳储集体是阿克库勒鼻状凸起长期抬升暴露并经过长达118 Ma风化剥蚀而成。塔河地区的抬升是与周边天山、塔里木地块的多期古构造运动密切相关,该区曾经历加里东中晚期、海西期运动等8次(幕)运动。地壳的不断抬升变化,使塔河地区经过多种溶蚀作用,包括地表径流溶蚀作用、渗流溶蚀作用、潜流溶蚀作用、海岸带的混合水溶蚀和局部深处热水的溶蚀作用,从而形成多期叠加的混沌网络溶洞系统。溶洞发育程度受控于基岩颗粒灰岩的溶蚀程度、古构造运动的抬升作用、各种方式的溶蚀作用以及受溶蚀时期长短等。     

Hydrology of cave drip waters at varying bedrock depths from a karst system in southeastern Australia

The study of how cave drip‐water discharge responds to recharge events is fundamental to evaluating the potential of actively forming speleothems as high‐resolution climate archives. Most previous research has focused on caves of the Northern Hemisphere middle latitudes, where recharge is strongly seasonal. Few studies have explored drip‐water behaviour from regions where the expected seasonal rainfall pattern is significantly perturbed on an irregular basis by changing regional atmospheric circulation patterns. Here, we report the results of a 4‐year study of cave drip‐water–climate relationships from two caves in eastern Australia. The discharge of 10 drip sites located beneath bedrock thicknesses of 12, 22 and 45 m was monitored either continuously (using automated infrared sensors) or at discrete approximately monthly intervals and compared with local rainfall and water balance data. The study period traversed two major droughts, including the severe 2002–2003 El Niño. Drips at 12 and 22 m depths responded almost simultaneously to individual recharge events, although the time lag between individual events varied according to the volume of recharge and pre‐event storage. Overall, a steady decline in discharge is evident through the moisture‐deficit period, with increased flows through phases of positive water balance. Speleothems growing at these and similar shallow‐chamber sites have potential for reconstructing palaeo‐rainfall trends at high‐resolution, although the highly variable nature of year‐to‐year recharge would make it difficult to obtain data on a calendrical time‐scale. Drips at 45 m depth did not respond consistently to individual recharge events and displayed hydrological behaviour markedly dissimilar to one another and to the near‐surface drip sites, indicating great complexity in karst architecture and the absence of fissure flow. Although speleothems at this depth may well preserve information on longer‐term rainfall trends, their potential to encode a palaeo‐rainfall variability signal at interannual resolution is poor. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

江苏宜兴建立岩溶洞穴国家地质公园的可行性研究

江苏宜兴是我国岩溶洞穴非常集中发育的地区之一,在不到80km2的范围内共有岩溶洞穴83个,其中已开发的有善卷洞、张公洞、玉泉洞、灵谷洞、慕蠡洞、西施洞等。这些岩溶洞穴遗迹经初步研究发现,属世界级地质遗迹的有1个,国家级5个,另外还有其他国家级地质遗迹2个。它们具有重要的科研与科普价值和极高的美学价值,具备了建立国家地质公园的条件。     

隧道底部隐伏空腔充水对二次衬砌内力影响研究

以某岩溶隧道为工程背景,按弹性阶段相似原则进行模型试验,研究隧道底部隐伏空腔充水情况下的二次衬砌内力特征,以及水压、溶腔和隧道间距的变化对二衬内力的影响规律。试验结果表明:当隧道仰拱底部隐伏空腔充水时,拱肩、边墙和墙脚处轴力为负,拱顶和仰拱底处轴力为正,其中墙脚处负值轴力最大,仰拱底处正值轴力最大;拱肩和仰拱底处弯矩为正,边墙和墙脚处弯矩为负,其中仰拱底处正弯矩最大,墙脚处负弯矩最大。随着溶腔内水压逐渐增大以及充水溶腔与隧道间距离的逐渐减小,特征位置处的轴力和弯矩均有不同程度的增大,对于轴力,拱顶、拱肩和仰拱底处的增量较小,边墙和墙脚处的增量较大;对于弯矩,拱顶、拱肩和边墙处弯矩增量均较小,墙脚和仰拱底处的弯矩增量明显。沿着隧道的轴向,断面越靠近充水溶腔其轴力和弯矩受影响程度就越大。     

采空区稳定性评价及处治对策

根据煤层开采后影响上覆岩层及地表而产生移动和变形的时间的变化关系定性分析采空区稳定性,而且采用FLAC3D模拟了在施加地面建筑载荷后地表变形情况,确定了采空区需要处理的范围;依据建筑物荷载集度及其重要程度,采用了不同注浆处治对策.通过对采空区上覆岩体的沉降和建筑物沉降监测数据的统计分析,评估了处治效果.