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51.
FLAC数值模拟软件及其在地学中的应用 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
FLAC是以拉格朗日差分法为基础的一种数值模拟应用软件,主要用于岩土力学工程。近年地质学家将其应用到地质构造和块体运动学、动力学研究中,以证实或证伪地球学家们提出的相关地球动力学模型。本文初步介绍了FLAC应用软件的基本原理、使用方法以及它在国内外地质学上的几个应用实例。 相似文献
52.
离散裂隙渗流方法与裂隙化渗透介质建模 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
流体渗流模拟的连续介质方法通常适用于多孔地质体,并不一定适用于裂隙岩体,由于裂隙分布及其特征与孔隙差异较大。若流体渗流主要受裂隙的控制,对于一定尺寸的裂隙岩体,多孔介质假设则较难刻划裂隙岩体的渗流特征。离散裂隙渗流方法不但可直接用于模拟裂隙岩体非均质性和各向异性等渗流特征,而且可用其确定所研究的裂隙岩体典型单元体及其水力传导(渗透)张量大小。主要讨论了以下问题:(1)饱和裂隙介质中一般的离散流体渗流模拟;(2)裂隙岩体中的REV(典型单元体)及其水力传导(渗透)张量的确定;(3)利用离散裂隙网络流体渗流模型研究裂隙方向几何参数对水力传导系数和REV的影响;(4)在二维和三维离散裂隙流体渗流模型中对区域大裂隙和局部小裂隙的处理方法。调查结果显示离散裂隙流体渗流数学模型可用来评价不同尺度上的裂隙岩体的水力特征,以及裂隙方向对裂隙化岩体的水力特征有着不可忽视的影响。同时,局部小裂隙、区域大裂隙应当区别对待,以便据其所起的作用及水力特征,建立裂隙化岩体相应的流体渗流模型。 相似文献
53.
Groundwater-flow modeling in the Yucatan karstic aquifer, Mexico 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Roger González-Herrera Ismael Sánchez-y-Pinto José Gamboa-Vargas 《Hydrogeology Journal》2002,10(5):539-552
The current conceptual model of the unconfined karstic aquifer in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, is that a fresh-water lens
floats above denser saline water that penetrates more than 40 km inland. The transmissivity of the aquifer is very high so
the hydraulic gradient is very low, ranging from 7–10 mm/km through most of the northern part of the peninsula. The computer
modeling program AQUIFER was used to investigate the regional groundwater flow in the aquifer. The karstified zone was modeled
using the assumption that it acts hydraulically similar to a granular, porous medium. As part of the calibration, the following
hypotheses were tested: (1) karstic features play an important role in the groundwater-flow system; (2) a ring or belt of
sinkholes in the area is a manifestation of a zone of high transmissivity that facilitates the channeling of groundwater toward
the Gulf of Mexico; and (3) the geologic features in the southern part of Yucatan influence the groundwater-flow system. The
model shows that the Sierrita de Ticul fault, in the southwestern part of the study area, acts as a flow barrier and head
values decline toward the northeast. The modeling also shows that the regional flow-system dynamics have not been altered
despite the large number of pumping wells because the volume of water pumped is small compared with the volume of recharge,
and the well-developed karst system of the region has a very high hydraulic conductivity.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
54.
Under seismic excitation, liquefied clean medium to dense cohesionless soils may regain a high level of shear resistance at large shear strain excursions. This pattern of response, known as a form of cyclic mobility, has been documented by a large body of laboratory sample tests and centrifuge experiments. A plasticity-based constitutive model is developed with emphasis on simulating the cyclic mobility response mechanism and associated pattern of shear strain accumulation. This constitutive model is incorporated into a two-phase (solid–fluid), fully coupled finite element code. Calibration of the constitutive model is described, based on a unique set of laboratory triaxial tests (monotonic and cyclic) and dynamic centrifuge experiments. In this experimental series, Nevada sand at a relative density of about 40% is employed. The calibration effort focused on reproducing the salient characteristics of dynamic site response as dictated by the cyclic mobility mechanism. Finally, using the calibrated model, a numerical simulation is conducted to highlight the effect of excitation frequency content on post-liquefaction ground deformations. 相似文献
55.
Chen Po-fang 《地震学报(英文版)》2002,15(5):519-525
To improve the accuracy of the numerical evaluation through the 3-D finite difference method, the surface boundary conditions
are added to modify the old program. The author has tested the new program by making calculations for the model constructed
by Wanamaker, et al (1984). The comparison between the numerical results obtained from this paper and those by Wannamaker, et al (1984) indicates that a pronounced improvement is realized in the evaluation of the horizontal magnetic components. Moreover,
better calculations for the vertical magnetic components are also obtainable by using the new program. 相似文献
56.
This study applies theories of systems and system dynamics to ecological economic systems in the oasis environment, with the intention of finding the basic characteristics of the oasis environment and its feedback structures. This study explores the inner mechanisms of economic development in the oasis environment and its relationship to policy variables. This model is applied to economic development in the Manas oasis of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. System dynamics method starts from studying feedback structure within the system study and then searches for the best solution through identifying the right "policy point" and through model simulation in the computer. It embodies the cream of "systems cybernetics theory". This study is justified because the nature of the oasis system and the simulation results are scientifically sound and practically feasible. 相似文献
57.
58.
Emil V. Stanev Jörg-Olaf Wolff Hans Burchard Karsten Bolding Götz Flöser 《Ocean Dynamics》2003,53(1):27-51
In this paper we use a combination of numerical modeling and data analysis to gain a better understanding of the major characteristics
of the circulation in the East Frisian Wadden Sea. In particular, we concentrate on the asymmetry of the tidal wave and its
modulation in the coastal area, which results in a complex pattern of responses to the sea-level forcing from the North Sea.
The numerical simulations are based on the 3-D primitive equation General Estuarine Transport Model (GETM) with a horizontal
resolution of 200 m and terrain-following vertical coordinates. The model is forced at its open boundaries with sea-level
data from an operational model for the German Bight (German Hydrographic Office). The validation data for our model simulations
include time series of tidal gauge data and surface currents measured at a pile in the back-barrier basin of the Island Langeoog,
as well as several ADCP transects in the Accumer Ee tidal inlet.
Circulation and turbulence characteristics are investigated for typical situations driven by spring and neap tides, and the
analysis is focused on dominating temporal and spatial patterns. By investigating the response of five back-barrier basins
with rather different morphologies to external forcing, an attempt is made to elucidate the dominating physical balances controlling
the circulation in the individual sub-basins. It is demonstrated that the friction at the seabed tends to slow down the tidal
signal in the shallow water. This leads to the establishment of flood dominance in the shallow sea north of the barrier islands.
South of the islands, where the water volume of the channels at low tide is smaller than the tidal prism, the asymmetry of
the tidal signal is shifted towards ebb dominance, a feature which is particularly pronounced at spring tide.
At the northern open boundary, the tidal wave propagating from west to east generates a sea-level difference of ∼1 m along
the boundary, and thereby triggers vigorous alongshore currents. The frictional control in the model is located in the inlets,
as well as along the northern boundary. The correlation between velocity and turbulent kinetic energy tends to the establishment
of a net southward transport, giving theoretical support to the observed accumulation of sediments on the intertidal flats.
Weak turbulence along the northern shores of the barrier islands and the small magnitude of the residual currents there promote
accumulation of suspended matter in these areas, although wave action will generally counteract this effect.
Received: 29 May 2002 / Accepted: 26 September 2002
Responsible Editor: Jean-Marie Beckers
Acknowledgements We are indebted to S. Dick for providing the data from the operational model of BSH and to B. Flemming for the useful discussions.
The topography data and Fig. 1 have been prepared in cooperation with F. Meyer. Figure 2 has been prepared by G. Brink-Spalink.
We also thank for the comments from an anonymous reviewer which helped to improve our paper. 相似文献
59.
J. Escuder Viruete R. Carbonell D. Martí M. J. Jurado A. Prez-Estaún 《Tectonophysics》2003,361(1-2):97-120
The 3-D seismic tomographic data are used together with field, core and well log structural information to determine the detailed 3-D architecture of fault zones in a granitic massif of volume 500×575×168 m at Mina Ratones area in the Albalá Granitic Pluton. To facilitate the integration of the different data, geostatistical simulation algorithms are applied to interpolate the relatively sparse structural (hard) control data conditioned to abundant but indirect 3-D (soft) seismic tomographic data. To effectively integrate geologic and tomographic data, 3-D migration of the velocity model from the time domain into the depth domain was essential. The resulting 3-D model constitutes an image of the fault zone architecture within the granitic massif that honours hard and soft data and provides an evaluation of the spatial variability of structural heterogeneities based on the computation of 3-D experimental variograms of Fracture Index (fault intensity) data. This probabilistic quantitative 3-D model of spatially heterogeneous fault zones is suitable for subsequent fluid flow simulations. The modeled image of the 3-D fault distribution is consistent with the fault architecture in the Mina Ratones area, which basically consists of two families of subvertical structures with NNE–SSW and ENE–WSW trends that displaces the surfaces of low-angle faults (North Fault) and follows their seismically detected staircase geometry. These brittle structures cut two subvertical dykes (27 and 27′ Dykes) with a NNE–SSW to N–S trend. The faults present high FI (FI>12) adjacent bands of irregular geometry in detail that intersect in space delimiting rhombohedral blocks of relatively less fractured granite (FI<6). Both structural domains likely correspond with the protolith and the damaged zone/fault core in the widely accepted model for fault zone architecture. Therefore, the construction of 3-D grids of the FI in granitic areas affected by brittle tectonics permits the quantitative structural characterization of the rock massif. 相似文献
60.
中国西部退耕还林(草)和沙漠化土地绿化的区域性气候效应 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
中国正在实施的西部大开发必将导致较大规模的土地利用和地表覆盖(LULC)变化,其中最重要的两类LULC变化是退耕还林(草)和沙漠化土地绿化工程。利用最新的全球地表特征资料数据库(GLCCD)识别以上两项生态建设工程的实施规模与范围,并以此更新了目前比较流行的区域气候模式的下边界条件,利用修正了的区域气候模式研究上述大规模LULC变化可能对中国区域性气候造成的影响。使用的卫星资源数据库是由美国地质测绘局(USGS)和Nebraska-Lincoln大学牵头,根据NOAA卫星的AVHRR资料、USGS掌握的高分辨率数字化地图,以及生态区划和植被分布等资料组建的。 相似文献