长江上游泥石流重度危险区

本区泥石流危害严重，泥石流自然危险度指标级别主要为Ｂ级．泥石流沟密度大，泥石流暴发频繁，人为泥石流众多．泥石流沟多处于活跃期或发展期．泥石流的防治原则是全面防治、重点治理，生物措施和工程措施相结合，行政法令和宣传教育相结合．     

构建和谐社会中的巨灾风险防范 --我国地震巨灾风险证券化的实证分析

党的十六大首次提出了“和谐社会”的概念,而人与自然的和谐成为这一概念的重要内涵之一.我国作为世界上自然灾害最严重的国家之一,亟需构筑符合我国国情的巨灾风险防范体系.保险风险证券化作为国际保险市场化解巨灾风险的一项重要创新,也正在为我国保险业所关注.为此本文选取了在我国发生频率最高、造成损失最大的自然灾害-地震灾害作为研究对象,对我国地震巨灾债券的构建与定价进行了实证分析,即利用实际的样本数据和有关非寿险精算的有关原理,构建了我国的地震巨灾债券,并同时完成了价格体系的制定.以上研究可以为巨灾风险证券化在我国的推广提供可资参考的方法与依据.     

煤层底板突水突变模型

本文建立了煤层底板突水的一个尖点突变 (cusp)模型 ,并分析了煤层底板失稳破坏发生突水的机制。基于定态曲面方程 ,可求得煤层底板水压应力比 Ip。当 Ip 1时 ,发生突水 ;当 Ip 1时 ,不会发生突水。基于分支曲线方程 ,可求得煤层底板突水临界采动导水裂隙带深度 h1l,当 h1 h1l 时 ,发生突水 ;当 h1 h1l 时 ,不会发生突水。     

On the relationship between cycles of eruptive activity and growth of a volcanic edifice

The behaviour of a magma plumbing system during a cycle of volcanic edifice growth is investigated with a simple physical model. Loading by an edifice at Earth's surface changes stresses in the upper crust and pressures in a magma reservoir. In turn, these changes affect magma ascent from a deep source to the reservoir and from reservoir to Earth's surface. The model plumbing system is such that a hydraulic connection is maintained at all times between the reservoir and a deep magma source at constant pressure. Consequently the input rate of magma into the reservoir is predicted by the model rather than imposed as an input parameter. The open hydraulic connection model is consistent with short-term measurements of deformation and seismicity at several active volcanoes. Threshold values for the reservoir pressure at the beginning and end of eruption evolve as the edifice grows and lead to long-term changes of eruption rate. Depending on the dimensions and depth of the reservoir, the eruption rate follows different trends as a function of time. For small reservoirs, the eruption rate initially increases as the edifice builds up and peaks at some value before going down. The edifice size at the peak eruption rate provides a constraint on the reservoir shape and depth. Edifice decay or destruction leads to resumption of eruptive activity and a new eruption cycle. A simple elastic model for country rock deformation is valid over a whole eruptive cycle extending to the cessation of eruptive activity. For large reservoirs, an elastic model is only valid over part of an eruptive cycle. Long-term stress changes eventually lead to reservoir instability in the form of either roof collapse and caldera formation or reservoir enlargement in the horizontal direction.     

基于突变理论的反倾层状岩石边坡稳定性研究

针对反倾层状岩石边坡的岩体结构特点,以弯曲-拉裂(倾倒)变形的地质模型为基础,基于突变理论建立反倾层状岩石边坡尖点突变模型.从理论上分析了边坡失稳的突变条件,并提出临界失稳深度,在此基础上建立了反倾层状岩石边坡的稳定性评价方法.对工程实例的分析表明,对于反倾层状岩石边坡,该稳定性评价方法是成功有效的.     

“莫兰蒂”台风致灾大风的结构特征及成因

利用多种观测资料分析1614号"莫兰蒂"台风致灾大风的风场结构特征及成因。结果表明:"莫兰蒂"登陆前台风环流内的局地强风呈阶段性波动特征,局地强风相对台风方位角的变化随着台风靠近先顺转后逆转;基于台风风压关系的分析表明"莫兰蒂"强度估计与实测吻合;台风登陆后受地形摩擦影响,台风左侧的风速大于右侧;数值模拟分析表明在影响局地强风过程的主要物理因子中,风矢量的水平平流和气压梯度项的影响最重要;"莫兰蒂"台风的强风区呈现明显的中尺度特征,较高动量的空气垂直输送和动量下传作用导致眼壁周围风力增强。     

Impacts of seismic activity and climatic change on Chinese history in the recent millennium

General history of disasters in China suggests that China has frequently experienced two major natural disasters in its long history, one is from catastrophic earthquake events, and the other is from extreme climatic events, due to its unique active tectonic environment and climatic complexity. Although these two major natural disasters have caused great damage to human society, it remains unclear whether and how they affect Chinese dynasty alternation on decadal(emperor) timescales. Based on de...     

广西长低温雨雪冰冻过程环流特征及低温扰动分析

利用常规观测和NCEP再分析资料,分析2008-2019年广西低温雨雪冰冻过程(简称低温过程).结果表明:广西低温过程分为稳定阻塞、减弱阻塞、两槽一脊及多波动型,稳定阻塞型持续8～15 d,其余类型小于等于6 d.稳定阻塞型中高纬补充的冷空气及低纬输送的水汽是广西低温过程持续的重要因素,700 hPa西南气流提供水汽和...     

新疆天山北坡军塘湖河流域"8·29"特大洪水特征与洪峰模数分析

2000年8月29日下午,受乌拉尔山低涡分裂短波东移的影响,新疆昌吉州呼图壁县南部天山北坡山区位于86°15 '00"～86°42'32"E,43°41 '50"～44°08 '08"N的范围内形成局部强对流降水天气,在军塘湖河流域与临近石膏沟流域发生特大暴雨洪水,造成了流域内人民生命财产巨大损失.水文部门于当年8月31日开展了对军塘湖河流域的洪水调查,通过实地调查和流域降雨量分析,以及采用比降面积法计算,确定军塘湖河"8·29"特大洪水洪峰流量为781 m3·S-1,其中,石膏沟流域的东支沟洪峰模数达16.4 m3·s-1·km-2,是新疆截至目前为止出现的最大洪峰模数.调查结果和计算认定军塘湖河流域"8·29"洪水属于特大洪水.