Habitat heterogeneity influences cold‐seep macrofaunal communities within and among seeps along the Norwegian margin – Part 2: contribution of chemosynthesis and nutritional patterns

The relative contribution of chemosynthesis in heterotrophic fauna at seeps is known to be influenced by depth and by habitat. Using stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen, we investigated macro‐ and megafaunal nutritional patterns in Norwegian margin cold seeps by comparing food webs both among habitats within a seep site and between different sites. The very active Håkon Mosby mud volcano (HMMV) is characterized by geochemical gradients, microbial activity and faunal zonation from the centre to the periphery. The Storegga Slide (600–900 m depth) has pockmarks with patchy less active seeps, and also shows concentric zonation of habitats but at much smaller spatial scale. The dominant carbon source for macrofaunal nutrition in both areas was chemosynthetically fixed and the bulk of organic carbon was derived from sulphur‐oxidizing bacteria. In HMMV, food chains were clearly separated according to habitats, with significantly lighter δ¹³C signatures on microbial mats and adjacent sediment (?33.06 to ?50.62‰) than in siboglinid fields (?19.83 to ?35.03‰). Mixing model outputs revealed that the contribution of methane‐derived carbon was small in siboglinid fields (0–17%) but significant (39–61%) in the microbial mats. Moreover, the variability of macrofauna signatures within this later habitat suggests the co‐occurrence of two food chains, one based on primary production via methanotrophy and the other via sulphide oxidation. The length of the food chains also varied among habitats, with at least one more trophic level in the siboglinid fields located at the periphery of the volcano. Conversely, in Storrega pockmarks, faunal δ¹³C signatures did not vary among habitats but among species, although separate food chains seem to co‐occur. The small size of the seepage areas and their lower fluxes compared to HMMV allow more background species to penetrate the seep area, increasing the range of δ¹⁵N and the trophic level number. Probably due to the higher flux of photosynthetic particulate organic carbon, the overall chemosynthesis‐based carbon contribution in invertebrate nutrition was lower than that in HMMV.     

商业平板式超滤膜包完整性检验：对海洋胶体生物地球化学研究的启示

The performance and integrity of a cassette cross-flow ultrafilter(Pellicon 2, Millipore) are examined with a suite of macromolecules of different molecular masses. The retention coefficient during the cross-flow ultrafiltration experiments increases with increasing molecular mass and reaches 90% with 10 kDa dextran in both milli-Q water and ultrafiltered seawater media. Based on a 90% retention coefficient, the molecular mass cut-off for the ultrafiltration membrane is defined at 10 kDa, which is ten times(1 kDa) that rated by the manufacturer. To further validate the accuracy of the laboratory calibration, the samples from the lower Zhujiang River and the Jiulong River Estuary are ultrafiltered with the cassette ultrafiltration membrane and the colloidal organic carbon abundances in these samples are quantified with the ultrafiltration permeation model based on time series permeation subsamples. The colloidal organic carbon abundances are 5.8%–21.1% in the Jiulong River Estuary and 5.6%–11.0% in the lower Zhujiang River. These are consistent with the reported values for both estuaries as well as with the colloidal organic carbon abundances in marine environments over the coastal and open oceans with 10 kDa cut-off membranes. Therefore, these field data support the laboratory calibration result and indicate the validity of the experimental and quantification procedure adopted. The discrepancy between the nominal molecular mass cut-off and the actual pore size of the ultrafiltration membrane should be of great concern for research in colloidal and nanoparticle biogeochemistry. Careful examination of the membrane integrity should be taken during ultrafiltration experiments in order to avoid misleading molecular mass cut-off information.     

塔里木盆地古城地区下奥陶统碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素特征

下奥陶统碳酸盐岩储层是塔里木盆地古城地区的主要产气层。为了探讨研究区下奥陶统碳酸盐岩碳同位素变化的原因,对取自塔中地区古城7、古城8、古城9和古城12等4口井的51块碳酸盐岩样品进行了分析,结果显示,δ13C值为-2.26‰~1.55‰,δ18O值为-10.57‰~-4.69‰,Mn/Sr也小于2~3的范围。结果表明,研究区碳酸盐岩样品基本保持了碳氧同位素的原始组成。δ13C值与海平面变化存在正相关关系,证明研究区早奥陶世晚期存在一海退期。     

南海北部台西南盆地973-4岩芯碳的地球化学特征

对南海北部台西南盆地天然气水合物潜在区(973-4岩芯)碳的形态、含量和稳定同位素组成进行了分析,并探讨了成岩环境因素和细菌种群与碳地球化学行为的关系。结果显示:(1)TOC含量为0.4%~1.3%,δ~(13)CTOC为–26.7‰~–23.9‰,说明973-4岩芯主要为陆源有机质,能够满足微生物产甲烷的需要;DIC和δ~(13)CIC的垂向变异及其显著负相关,指示:973-4岩芯560~890 cm深度段有SO42–驱动的AOM反应。(2)p H、Eh、沉积物粒径等成岩环境参数与TOC、IC、δ~(13)CTOC、δ~(13)CIC等碳地化参数显著相关。(3)细菌种群与DIC、δ~(13)CIC显著相关。结论认为:(1)973-4岩芯碳的地化行为与天然气水合物成藏存在明显响应关系。(2)成岩环境参数的垂向变异与碳的地球化学特征密切相关。(3)细菌种群对碳的地化参数变异有着显著影响。     

一种合成2,2-二甲基-4-戊烯酸的方法

报道一种合成２,２－二甲基－４－戊烯酸的新方法。由异丁醛与烯丙醇缩合得到２,２－二甲基－４－戊烯醛,后者经氧化银选择氧化生成２,２－二甲基－４－戊烯酸。此法氧化产率（９６％）高于分子氧氧化法（６１％）和歧化法（４１％）。反应中析出的金属银能定量回收,循环使用。     

台湾海峡1997年夏季和1998年冬季两航次颗粒有机碳研究

1997～1998年台湾海峡两个航次的数据表明,颗粒有机碳(POC)的平均含量为0．120±0．009mg/dm3,表层POC浓度在夏季和冬季分别存在几个高值区。POC在随深度变化的剖面分布图中,最大值出现在10m层,底层水明显受再悬浮影响,这一剖面的变化规律普遍存在于整个海区及不同季节。夏季POC的深度变化幅度要显著大于冬季,这与垂直混合作用有关。POC与Chl－a相关性较差,暗示以Chl－a估算浮游植物的不确定性及POC产生及来源的复杂性。     

Carbon balance in a salt marsh: Interactions of diffusive export, tidal deposition and rainfall-caused erosion

Studies of the concentrations of particulate and dissolved organic carbon in the Duplin River, of the tidal exchange of POC and DOC in the marsh, of the standing stock and movement of Spartina alterniflora wrack in the Duplin, and of the removal of carbon from the surface of the marsh by rain were conducted at Sapelo Island, Georgia in order to test three hypotheses about export of carbon from the Duplin River watershed. We found that the gradients in POC and DOC concentrations are such that carbon is being transported down the Duplin River throughout the year, although in smaller quantities than previously believed. In contrast, almost all tidal exchanges within the marsh result in deposition of carbon. Most of this deposited carbon is subsequently eroded as a result of rain falling on the exposed marsh surface, and is washed back into the tidal creeks. This cycle of deposition and erosion is a possible mechanism keeping POC in the thin aerobic surface layer of the marsh, thus increasing its availability to detritivores and aerobic microbes. The standing stock of wrack is only a fraction of the S. alterniflora produced each year, and its export is a negligible term in the carbon balance equation.     

21世纪海上丝绸之路背景下的广东省蓝碳发展研究

海洋碳汇即蓝色碳汇,简称"蓝碳"。文章以21世纪海上丝绸之路建设为背景,以广东省蓝碳发展现状和需求为主线,分析广东省发展蓝碳对控制温室气体排放、保护海洋生态环境和实施"一带一路"建设的重要意义,论述发展碳汇渔业、修复典型海洋生态系统、控制陆源排放、开发可再生能源等蓝碳发展途径;在此基础上提出广东省发展蓝碳的主要对策,即完善政策保障体系、增强科技支撑能力、完善蓝碳产业链条、拓展国际交流合作、探索海洋碳排放交易试点、加强生态环境治理和发挥示范带动作用。     

Seasonal dynamics of light absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the NW Mediterranean Sea (BOUSSOLE site)

We analyze a two-year time-series of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) light absorption measurements in the upper 400 m of the water column at the BOUSSOLE site in the NW Mediterranean Sea. The seasonal dynamics of the CDOM light absorption coefficients at 440 nm (a_cdom(440)) is essentially characterized by (i) subsurface maxima forming in spring and progressively reinforcing throughout summer, (ii) impoverishment in the surface layer throughout summer and (iii) vertical homogeneity in winter. Seasonal variations of the spectral dependence of CDOM absorption, as described by the exponential slope value (S_cdom), are characterized by highest values in summer and autumn at the surface and low values at the depths of a_cdom(440) subsurface maxima or just below them. Variations of a_cdom(440) are likely controlled by microbial digestion of phytoplankton cells, which leads to CDOM production, and by photochemical destruction (photobleaching), which leads to CDOM degradation. Photobleaching is also the main driver of S_cdom variations. Consistently with previous observations, a_cdom(440) for a given chlorophyll a concentration is higher than expected from Case I waters bio-optical models. The total non-water light absorption budget shows that surface waters at the BOUSSOLE site are largely dominated by CDOM during all seasons but the algal bloom in March and April. These results improve the knowledge of CDOM absorption dynamics in the Mediterranean Sea, which is scarcely documented. In addition, they open the way to improved algorithms for the retrieval of CDOM absorption from field or satellite radiometric measurements.