Utility of Landsat 7 satellite data for continued monitoring of forest cover change in protected areas in Southeast Asia

Satellite instruments, particularly the Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) and ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus) series of sensors, are important tools in the interdisciplinary study of tropical forests that are increasingly integrated into studies that monitor changes in vegetation cover within tropical forests and tropical protected areas, and also applied with other types of data to investigate the drivers of land cover change. However, further advances in the use of Landsat to study and monitor tropical forests and protected areas are threatened by the scan line corrector failure on the ETM+ sensor, as well as uncertainty about the continuity of the Landsat mission. Given these problems, this paper illustrates how ETM+ data were used in an interdisciplinary study that effectively monitored forest cover change in Gunung Palung National Park in West Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. Following 31 May 2003, when the ETM+ sensor's scan line corrector failed, we analysed how this failure impedes our ability to perform a similar study from this date onwards. This analysis uses six simulated post-scan line corrector failure (SLC-off) images and reveals that data gaps caused by SLC-off introduce maximum errors of 1.47 per cent and 4.04 per cent in estimates of forest cover and rates of forest loss, respectively. The analysis also demonstrates how SLC-off has transformed ETM+ data from a complete inventory dataset to a statistical sample with variable sample fraction, and notes how this data loss will confound the use of Landsat data to model land cover change in a spatially explicit manner. We discuss potential limited uses of SLC-off data and suggest alternative sensors that may provide essential remotely sensed data for monitoring tropical forests in Southeast Asia.     

地铁车站结构振动台试验中传感器位置的优选

在对软土地铁车站结构进行振动台模型试验的过程中,对传感器设置位置的优选进行了研究,内容包括按三维问题的分析论证地铁车站结构在横向激振作用下的受力变形特征,据以确定可按平面应变问题进行分析的断面的分布范围及主观测断面的位置;按二维问题的分析论证地铁车站结构在横向激振作用下的变形趋势,据以确定观测断面上传感器设置的优选位置;以及在满足基本信息采集要求的前提下,对可供采用的信息采集通道进行优化分配的方法。成果对试验获得成功起到了保障作用,对同类试验也有参考价值。     

岩矿石孔隙度测量方法

介绍一种基于阿基米德原理的测量孔隙度方法,解决岩矿石孔隙度的测量问题。在研究孔隙度测量原理及常用方法的基础上,采用该方法并完成了孔隙度测量仪电路设计工作,给出了仪器技术指标及实测结果分析。孔隙度测量仪由称重传感器、集成放大滤波的模数转换器、单片机、键盘及液晶显示器等组成。该测量仪不仅解决了测量固体岩矿石标本孔隙度的问题,还可以用于岩矿石标本的质量、体积和密度等多种物性参数的检测。本仪器测量孔隙度准确度优于0.5％,均方差小于0.2%,相对误差小于1%,满足岩矿石孔隙度的测量要求。     

基于LVDT的小应变三轴仪研制及其软土试验应用

研制了基于LVDT（线性可变差动变压器）传感器的高精度小应变三轴仪,详细介绍了该三轴仪的结构、传感器特性及小应变测量的技术细节。三轴仪采用电控调压阀控制轴压和围压,同时可用电机驱动施加轴压,进行各种复杂应力路径的应变或应力控制三轴剪切试验。针对信号干扰等影响微小位移测量精度的问题,提出了恒温、接地、使用高精度直流电源等措施,并利用中值滤波的方法有效提高了LVDT局部位移计的测量精度。利用安装有LVDT位移传感器的三轴仪对上海软土进行K0固结不排水剪切试验,成功获得上海软土在0.001%～0.1%小应变范围内的割线模量变化情况;确认了LVDT位移传感器能够获得比霍尔效应局部位移计更小应变范围的软土割线模量,指出自主研制的设备比黑盒子产品更有利于实现测量精度的提高。     

基于智能手机传感器的室内行人三维定位算法

针对室内行人定位中累积误差发散及高程值缺失的问题,提出了一种基于智能手机传感器(磁力计、加速度计、陀螺仪和气压计)的室内行人三维定位算法。该算法在使用行人航位推算获得二维定位信息的基础上,融合多传感器输出解算行人方位角,结合电子罗盘提出加权方位角以提高解算精度;通过传感器输出检测行人行为状态,结合虚拟地标点图层及其匹配算法,将行人的位置匹配到相应的特殊位置,重置行人初始位置以消除累积误差;使用基于气压计的差分气压测高法求解行人的高程值,从而获得行人三维定位信息。在智能手机上进行实验,结果表明,该算法不仅能够提供准确、连续的二维定位信息,还能提高行人对楼层的分辨力,可为室内行人导航、跟踪等基于位置服务提供有效的定位信息。     

Assessing sediment transport dynamics from energy perspective by using the instrumented particle

Sediment transport has been extensively studied. There is still a need to learn more about the mechanisms that make bed particles move, which is caused by turbulent flow in the low transport stages(above the motion threshold and below continuous transport). This work is focused on the use of an advanced tool to obtain a better perception of sediment transport dynamical methods: an instrumented particle equipped with a micro-electromechanical systems(MEMS) sensor. Particle transport experiments w...     

Renovated controller designed by genetic algorithms

A novel smart control system based on genetic algorithms (GAs) is proposed in this paper. The system is comprised of three parts: the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor‐based sensing network for structural health monitoring, the GA‐based location optimizer for sensor arrangement, and the GA‐based controller for vibration mitigation under external excitation. To evaluate the performance of the proposed system, an eight‐story steel structure was designed specifically to represent a structure with large degrees of freedom. In total 16 FBG sensors were deployed on the structure to implement the concept of a reliable sensing network, and to allow the structure to be monitored precisely under any loading. The advantage of applying a large amount of information from the sensing system is proven theoretically by the GA‐based location optimizer. This result greatly supports the recent tendency of distributing sensors around the structure. Two intuitive GA‐based controllers are then proposed and demonstrated numerically. It is shown that the structure can be controlled more effectively by the proposed GA‐strain controller than by the GA‐acceleration controller, which represents the traditional control method. A shaking table test was carried out to examine the entire system. Experimental verification has demonstrated the feasibility of using this system in practice. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characterizing ephemeral streams in a southern Ontario watershed using electrical resistance sensors

Ephemeral streams are small headwater streams that only experience streamflow in response to a precipitation event. Due to their highly complex and dynamic spatial and temporal nature, ephemeral streams have been difficult to monitor and are in general poorly understood. This research implemented an extensive network of electrical resistance sensors to monitor three ephemeral streams within the same small headwater catchment in Southern Ontario, Canada. The results suggest that the most common patterns of network expansion and contraction in the studied streams are incomplete coalescence and disintegration, respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis of the primary controls on ephemeral streamflow showed only weak Nagelkerke R² values, suggesting that there are more complex processes at work in these ephemeral streams. A comparison of all three streams suggests that even ephemeral streams within the same subwatershed may experience differences in network expansion and contraction and may be dominated by different spatial and temporal controls. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种地震预警监测传感器模块的设计及实现

目前世界上地震预警系统基本都是通过地震台网来确定地震的震级并对地震进行定位,其预警准确性的提高主要依靠台网密度的增加。基于地震预警原理以及传感器技术,本文首次探讨了仅用单台地震监测传感器快速测定地震基本参数的可能性。设计了一种用于地震预警的地震监测传感器模块,阐述了确定地震参数的算法。该传感器模块能自动捡拾P波的到时,然后利用P波的初动信息确定地震的方位角,最后利用P波到达后前3s加速度数据确定地震的震级、震源距,并发出警告,达到地震监测及预警的目的。     

Dynamics of wood fall colonization in relation to sulfide concentration in a mangrove swamp

Wood debris are an important component of mangrove marine environments. Current knowledge of the ecological role of wood falls is limited by the absence of information on metazoan colonization processes over time. The aim of this study was to provide insights to their temporal dynamics of wood eukaryotic colonization from a shallow water experiment in a mangrove swamp. Combined in situ chemical monitoring and biological surveys revealed that the succession of colonizers in the mangrove swamp relates with the rapid evolution of sulfide concentration on the wood surface. Sulfide-tolerant species are among the first colonizers and dominate over several weeks when the sulfide content is at its maximum, followed by less tolerant opportunistic species when sulfide decreases. This study supports the idea that woody debris can sustain chemosynthetic symbioses over short time-scale in tropical shallow waters.