Rock composition and origin of the Duwi Formation calcareous rocks, Upper Egypt

Upper Cretaceous phosphorite beds of the Duwi Formation, Upper Egypt, are intercalated with limestone, sandy limestone, marl, calcareous shales, and calcareous sandstone. Calcareous intercalations were subjected to field and detailed petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical investigations in order to constrain their rock composition and origin. Mineralogically, dolomite, calcite, quartz, francolite and feldspars are the non-clay minerals. Smectite, kaolinite and illite represent the clay minerals. Major and trace elements can be classified as the detrital and carbonate fractions based on their sources. The detrital fraction includes the elements that are derived from detrital sources, mainly clay minerals and quartz, such as Si, Al, Fe, Ti, K, Ba, V, Ni, Co, Cr, Zn, Cu, Zr, and Mo. The carbonate fraction includes the elements that are derived from carbonates, maily calcite and dolomite, such as Ca, Mg and Sr. Dolomite occurs as being dense, uniform, mosaic, very fine-to-fine, non-ferroan, and non-stoichiometrical, suggesting its early diagenetic formation in a near-shore oxidizing shallow marine environment. The close association and positive correlation between dolomite and smectite indicates the role of clay minerals in the formation of dolomite as a source of Mg^2＋ -rich solutions. Calcareous rocks were deposited in marine, oxidizing and weakly alkaline conditions, marking a semi-arid climatic period. The calcareous/argillaceous alternations are due to oscillations in clay/carbonate ratio.     

细颗粒组分含量对钙质砂抗剪强度的影响

由于吹填过程的水力分选作用钙质砂土地基颗粒分布不均匀,容易形成分布不均、形态各异的以不同细粒含量的粉细砂层为主的细粒汇集层,引起钙质砂土地基承载力和不均匀沉降问题。开展不同细粒含量的粉细砂三轴固结排水剪切试验,分析细粒含量对钙质砂土力学特性的影响。研究结果表明,（1）当细粒含量增加时相同围压下土样剪胀性逐渐减弱,且峰值偏应力也逐渐减小;（2）各组试样干密度为1.40 g/cm3状态下各含量粉细砂均表现出应变软化特征,当细粒含量为10%时粉细砂土体强度稳定性最差,之后稳定性随细粒含量增加而逐渐增大;（3）钙质细砂由于颗粒咬合作用,具有表观黏聚力,当细粒含量小于40%时,随着细粒含量增加,颗粒之间的咬合作用显著降低,表观黏聚力线性减小。研究成果可为粉细砂层的地基处理及边坡稳定分析提供参考。     

钙质砂一维蠕变分形破碎特性宏微观试验研究

钙质砂是远洋地区港口、机场和民用建筑等构筑物的天然地基材料。通过钙质砂一维压缩蠕变试验和微观结构测试,发现了蠕变前后表面孔隙面积减小且呈分散分布的规律以及试验过程中试样瞬时变形、快速变形和衰减变形特征与粒径的高度相关性;利用基于分形理论改进的相对颗粒破碎率和质量分形维数描述了蠕变前后颗粒破碎程度,得到了分形维数和蠕变与时间的衰减形态曲线关系以及宏观质量分形维数和微观表面分形维数的线性关系,并在此基础上对单一粒径组钙质砂蠕变过程中的分形破碎行为进行了多尺度分析和宏微观跨尺度关联性研究,获得了蠕变过程中颗粒破碎发展以及微观孔隙变化规律,证明了钙质砂蠕变过程中的颗粒重组排列、破碎和研磨行为,揭示了钙质砂蠕变机制。     

Calcareous Nannoplankton Biostratigraphy of the Bartin Province,Western Black Sea,Turkey

Calcareous nannoplankton biostratigraphy has been performed on five sedimentary sections through the marine Akveren Formation from the Bartin region of northern Turkey, on the southern Black Sea coast. This new biostratigraphy provides an age for the formation of the Early Campanian (nannofossil zone UC15aTP) to Early Selandian (nannofossil zone NP5), and highlights the presence of the Campanian/Maastrichtian, Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T), and Danian/Selandian boundaries in this intermediate palaeolatitude location. Micula murus was identified below the K/T boundary, but Micula prinsii and Nephrolithus frequens were not, which implies that the K/T boundary interval is not complete in the study area. These dates are in agreement with previous micropaleontological studies.     

The fossil record (calcareous nannofossils and foraminifers) in single intervals of the Upper Cretaceous flysch sequence of the West Carpathians, Czechoslovakia

Studies of calcareous nannofossils and microfossils and their distribution in different intervals of the flysch rhythms in the Kloko ník brook in the Bílé Karpaty Unit of the Magura Group of nappes in the West Carpathians gave the following results. The highest species diversity of calcareous nannofossils was found in the lower parts of the Bouma Te hemipelagic intervals. The Campanian marker species Ceratolithoides aculeus and Aspidolithus parcus were found in practically all layers studied. A stratigraphically important foraminiferal fauna was obtained from the upper parts of the Bouma Te intervals, including the Campanian-Maastrichtian planktic foraminifers Globotruncana arca and Globotruncanita stuartiformis. In the non-calcareous pelagites, agglutinated species with a range from the Late Cretaceous to the Paleogene dominate.     

上海地区新构造隐伏活动断裂的标志──石灰华

上海地区沿基岩断裂带表面,有零星分布的石灰华,成因与泉水(温泉)活动有关,形成时代下限为新第三纪晚期,上限为第四纪更新世早期。本文初步确定,区内自新第三纪晚期以来,具有活动性的隐伏断裂,除北北东向及近东西向的两组断裂外,还新发现一组北西西向活动性显著的断裂,它们均与石灰华分布有着密切的关系,这种现象与山区新构造活动断裂带的特征相似。区内分布的石灰华,可以作为识别隐伏活动断裂的标志。     

松辽盆地海侵事件——松科1井钙质超微化石新证据

松辽盆地作为中国最大的陆相含油气盆地,是否发生过海水侵入一直存在争议,化石能为该科学问题提供直接解释。在松科1井嫩江组一、二段发现了少量的钙质超微化石,初步鉴定出Calculites obscurus,Calculites ovalis,Quadrum sp.,Micula sp.等属种。上述钙质超微化石广泛分布于晚白垩世海相地层中,通过与国际标准海相化石的对比,将嫩江组一段中、下部的时代限定为Turonian晚期—Maastrichtian期。松辽盆地嫩江组一、二段下部的钙质超微化石保存总体一般,有一定的多样性,具有海相钙质超微化石的特征。松科1井钙质超微化石的分布、古生态及其与有孔虫化石的对应关系表明,松辽盆地嫩江组一段中-下部、二段下部沉积期湖泊水域广阔,全球海平面较高,间歇性的海水侵入事件导致西北太平洋中的钙质超微浮游生物和有孔虫等海洋生物被带入松辽盆地。     

中太平洋北部海盆沉积物中钙质超微化石溶解相与地层年代

本文通过对中太平洋北部海盆表层和柱状沉积物中钙质超微化石的分析鉴定,讨论了该调查区处在溶跃面以下表层沉积物中钙质超微化石的种数与水深变化的关系,推测出本调查区中Ⅰ区的碳酸盐补偿深度约5300米。根据地层中出现的标准化石,对柱状岩芯M_(14)进行了地层年代划分。最上部地层年代约为27万年前,向下1米处年代约为44万年前,3.66米处年代约为122万年前。     

Micropalaeontological record of Holocene estuarine and marine stages in the Corgo do Porto rivulet (Mira River, SW Portugal)

The Corgo do Porto is a small tributary of the Mira River, outleting 3.5 km upstream of its mouth. The valley is flat-floored due to terrigenous siltation and forms an alluvial plain reclaimed for agriculture/aquaculture. These conditions were quite distinct in the recent past because of extensive marine flooding of this area during the high-rate positive eustatism that followed the Last Glacial Maximum. The Holocene sedimentary column registers changes imposed by several forcing factors, mainly the climate-driven sea-level rise. As part of a multidisciplinary study, the sedimentological and micropalaeontological (benthic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils) contents of a core taken from this infill were analyzed, and five different stages were distinguished within its environmental evolution: Stage A (prior to 10,000 cal yrs BP) consists of muddy, matrix-supported sand with abundant pebbles, barren of microfossils, and free of carbonates and organic matter that represents a fluvial environment contemporaneous of a low sea level. Between 10,000 and circa 4000 cal yrs BP the sediment is made of homogeneous mud, with bioclasts and organic matter. However, the assemblages of foraminifera and calcareous nannoplankton allowed the identification of several environmental stages, defining a cycle of increasing–decreasing marine influence inside the valley: brackish and brackish-marine sedimentation (Stage B), full-marine sedimentation (Stage C) and a return to brackish-marine sedimentation (Stage D). The final part of the core is barren of microfossils (Stage E) and it represents the modern sedimentation in the area with an accreting alluvial plain. This Holocene sedimentary sequence reflects an evolutionary succession that closely agrees with the palaeoenvironmental model previously presented by the authors elsewhere for the south-western Portuguese coast, where a change in the rate of sea-level rise has been recorded at around 5500 cal yrs BP when a very effective sandy barrier formed and isolated restricted brackish to fresh-water lagoonal environments from the open sea.     

巴东组紫红色泥质粉砂岩损伤特性三轴试验研究

以宜昌至巴东高速公路中典型的巴东组紫红色泥质粉砂岩为对象,对其进行三轴压缩试验。通过对三轴应力-应变全过程分析表明:岩石破坏的实质是原生节理裂隙的不断扩展、累积、劣化的过程,其应力应变过程可分为线性弹性段,屈服段,应变软化段以及塑性流动四个阶段。基于试验结果探讨了泥质粉砂岩的初始损伤特性,分析结果表明:泥质粉砂岩的初始损伤时的主应力差对数与围压呈线性关系。同时,假定岩石微元强度服从 Weibull 随机分布的特点,合理推导了岩石微元强度的参量,建立了反映岩石破裂全过程的损伤软化本构模型,并分析了基于Weibull 分布的损伤变量与主应力差的抛物线数学关系,并结合试验数据与模型数据进行对比,分析了该损伤软化本构模型是合理的。