Geological roles of the siltstones in tight oil play

Understanding the hydrocarbon accumulation pattern in unconventional tight reservoirs is crucial for hydrocarbon evaluation and oil/gas extraction from such reservoirs. Previous studies on tight oil accumulation are mostly concerned with self-generation or from source to reservoir rock over short distances. However, the Lucaogou tight oil in Jimusar Sag of Junggar Basin shows transitional feature in between. The Lucaogou Formation comprises fine-grain sedimentary rocks characterized by thin laminations and frequently alternating beds. The Lucaogou tight silt/fine sandstones are poorly sorted. Dissolved pores are the primary pore spaces, with average porosity of 9.20%. Although the TOC of most silt/fine sandstones after Soxhlet extraction is lower than that before extraction, they show that the Lucaogou siltstones in the area of study have fair to good hydrocarbon generation potential (average TOC of 1.19%, average S₂ of 4.33 mg/g), while fine sandstones are relatively weak in terms of hydrocarbon generation (average TOC of 0.4%, average S₂ of 0.78 mg/g). The hydrocarbon generation amount of siltstones, which was calculated according to basin modeling transformation ratio combined with original TOC based on source rock parameters, occupies 16%–72% of oil retention amount. Although siltstones cannot produce the entire oil reserve, they certainly provide part of them. Grain size is negatively correlated with organic matter content in the Lucaogou silt/fine sandstones. Fine grain sediments are characterized by lower deposition rate, stronger adsorption capacity and oxidation resistance, which are favorable for formation of high quality source rocks. Low energy depositional environment is the primary reason for the formation of siltstones containing organic matter. Positive correlation between organic matter content and clay content in Lucaogou siltstones supports this view point. Lucaogou siltstones appear to be effective reservoir rocks due to there relatively high porosity, and also act as source rocks due to the fair to good hydrocarbon generation capability.     

阿拉善沙漠植物钙质根管:形态特征、分类及其环境指示意义

在系统总结前人对植物钙质根管定义及形成机制的基础上,采用形态学方法对阿拉善沙漠26组不同形态的植物钙质根管进行了分类,初步统一了我国植物钙质根管的定义及其分类;通过统计阿拉善沙漠不同类型植物钙质根管在全新世的数量分布,探讨了其分布特征可能蕴含的古环境意义。结果表明,植物钙质根管是陆生植物形成的次生碳酸盐结壳,包括钙质根套、绕根结核、根模具、根导管和根状结核五种类型。其中钙质根套和绕根结核的形成受到植物生长及其根围微生物活动的影响,而根模具、根导管和根状结核的形成则不受上述作用的影响。据此将阿拉善沙漠植物钙质根管分为钙质根套和绕根结核两种类型。这两类植物钙质根管在不同时期的相对数量百分比能够指示植物钙质根管形成时期有效湿度的高低,绕根结核数量百分比较高能够指示较高的有效湿度,而钙质根套数量百分比较高则指示了较低的有效湿度。因此,从植物钙质根管中能够提取丰富的古环境信号,并将其运用于沙漠地区的古环境研究中。     

南海表层沉积钙质超微化石氧碳同位素研究

对南海34个站位表层沉积中的钙质超微化石进行了氧碳稳定同位素分析.结果表明,钙质超微化石δ^18O化范围为-2.656‰～0.006‰,平均为-1.517‰;δ13C值变化范围为-1.510‰～0.778‰,平均为0.140‰.通过与有孔虫同位素分析结果相比较,发现钙质超微化石δ^18O高于浮游有孔虫而低于底栖有孔虫,δ13C值低于浮游有孔虫而高于底栖有孔虫.从平面分布来看,南海表层沉积钙质超微化石氧同位素在东北和西南各存在一个小于-1.5‰的低值区,碳同位素在东北存在一个小于0的低值区.钙质超微化石与有孔虫同位素值的差异性可能与其生命效应及生活环境有关.而钙质超微化石与有孔虫同位素平面分布规律上的不同也揭示了海水温度、盐度、营养水平等海洋参数可能对超微化石和有孔虫同位素的分馏起不同控制作用.     

Liquefaction evaluation discrepancies in tropical lagoonal soils

Field penetration tests and shear wave velocity measurements are both established and accepted methods for evaluating liquefaction potential in soils. The results produced by the two methods are generally well correlated. However, recent studies have shown that when investigating tropical lagoonal deposits, the same accepted methods for evaluating liquefaction potential often produce significant discrepancies in results. This discrepancy is most apparent in saturated lagoonal deposits of calcareous gravelly sand (or sandy gravel), which tend to exhibit low penetration resistance values but relatively high shear wave velocities. These disparate test results can suggest different soil classifications under current building codes. Ambiguity in the code may allow for a potentially unconservative classification, which may in turn allow for the use and construction of less costly, lighter weight foundation systems than warranted. Equally as important, the potential for unconservative design as related to liquefaction appears to be high when shear wave velocity measurements are used as a basis for evaluation in these types of lagoonal deposits. Because of this, it is strongly recommended that caution should be excercised when determining seismic design parameters in these types of geologic environments. A hypothesis to explain the discrepancies in the results of evaluation methods and a suggested design protocol is proposed.     

下扬子地区幕府山组古环境和构造背景：来自细粒混积沉积岩系元素地球化学的证据

扬子地区寒武纪纽芬兰世广泛发育富含有机质的黑色细粒混积沉积岩系,开展细粒混积沉积岩的元素地球化学研究,对于恢复沉积期物质来源、源区构造背景、古气候、沉积环境及演化,以及泥页岩储层评价和页岩气勘探具有重要理论和现实意义.本文利用下扬子地区最新完钻的XYZ-1钻井资料,综合钻井岩芯、岩石薄片、XRD分析、ICP-MS分析等手段,开展寒武系纽芬兰统幕府山组细粒混积沉积岩系的地球化学研究.结果表明,幕府山组为一套形成于局限海湾—碳酸盐岩台地—潮坪体系的细粒混积沉积岩系,岩性以深灰色、黑色(含钙质碳质)泥岩、浅灰色泥质灰岩为主,夹云灰岩、泥晶灰岩、白云岩、含陆屑碳质灰岩、安山岩和角砾岩.幕府山组沉积期,具有干旱炎热-温暖潮湿交替的古气候,总体指示正常盐度的浅水-较深水古海洋环境,垂向上显示从贫氧—缺氧到滞留硫化环境的演变.幕府山组细粒混积岩物源来自江南造山带和南京台地,源区岩石未曾经历沉积再循环作用,形成于大陆岛弧和活动大陆边缘构造背景.具有相对高海平面的近岸局限海湾、半封闭滞留还原环境、较高的有机碳含量和古生产力水平,是形成富有机质黑色细粒混积沉积岩系的有利条件.     

苏北浅滩钙结核的特征及其环境指示意义

对采自苏北浅滩的钙结核样品进行了岩石学、矿物学和碳氧同位素的分析。样品富含石英和长石砂屑,碳酸钙胶结,其碳和氧同位素组成分别为-8.38‰~-8.19‰V-PDB及-5.23‰~-5.03‰V-PDB。根据样品的氧同位素组成,利用碳酸盐-水体系氧同位素方程,结合现今底层水温度,并考虑可能存在的温度变化,计算得到古沉淀流体的δ18 O水范围为-4.72‰~-4.52‰VSMOW,较正常海水偏负,认为钙结核的形成可能受到了淡水影响。根据结核中碎屑矿物的成分及其成熟度,判断其包含的碎屑矿物源自古黄河,认为这些结核样品可能形成于海陆交互环境,形成时间约为7~6.5ka BP左右,当时古海平面高度比现今低10m左右,古黄河河道可能位于苏北浅滩附近。     

细粒沉积物(岩)中重矿物提取方法的改进

随着近百年的重矿物研究,从沉积物中提取重矿物的实验方法已经形成了固定模式,然而这些传统方法都是对砂岩粗颗粒矿物研究经验的积累,并不适用于泥质含量高的细粒沉积物.根据溶胶稳定(DLVO)理论,悬浮于溶液中的微细颗粒会因分子间作用力的相互吸引絮凝成团,从而影响细粒沉积物中重矿物提取的效果.实验研究证明,影响重矿物提取的主要因素是微细矿物颗粒间的絮凝作用,而并非有机重液的黏度.如何克服微粒间的絮凝作用是提取泥岩和粉砂岩中重矿物的关键.实验对比分析表明,添加分散剂的超声波振动和自然沉降法可以在克服絮凝作用的前提下有效去除泥质成分,同时对粉砂级矿物进行精确的粒径分选;离心分离同样也可以克服微粒间的絮凝作用,在重液分离过程中使重矿物顺利从轻矿物中分离.以上3种方法的联合使用可以弥补传统的重矿物提取方法的不足,并显著提高泥岩、粉砂岩中重矿物的提取率.     

DTPA浸提-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定石灰性土壤中的有效态钴和有效态铅

传统的原子吸收光谱和分光光度法测定土壤有效态钴和有效态铅,操作繁琐,且分析效率低,不适用于大量样品的测定;利用先进仪器测定虽然提高了分析效率,但由于浸提剂的浓度影响仪器灵敏度,测定结果不准确.本文用DTPA溶液浸提,电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定石灰性土壤中有效态钴和有效态铅的含量.稀释倍数实验表明,浸提液稀释2倍时,石灰性土壤国家标准物质的测定值与标准值基本一致;稀释5倍或10倍时,测定值较标准值偏高;不稀释时,由于浸提液的浓度较高,受到基体干扰,测定值偏低.本方法确定对浸提液稀释2倍进行实验,有效态钴的检出限为0.0130 μg/g,有效态铅的检出限为0.0142 μg/g,精密度(RSD,n=9)小于8％.用土壤国家标准物质进行验证,测定值与标准值的相对误差小于9％(n=9),满足了DD 2005 - 03对土壤样品中有效态钴和有效态铅的测定要求.     

滇东北铅锌成矿带会泽金牛厂筇竹寺组含矿层的发现及意义

滇东北地区是我国铅、锌、银等有色金属矿产的重要产地之一,已发现铅锌矿床、矿点和矿化点多处。以前发现的赋矿层都是碳酸盐岩,而会泽金牛厂筇竹寺组含矿层是泥质粉砂岩,此含矿层是目前滇东北铅锌成矿带中新发现的铅锌矿含矿层位,它突破了滇东北成矿带中仅碳酸盐岩中含矿的历史,显示了滇东北筇竹寺组铅锌找矿的巨大潜力。文章对该含矿层的控矿特点及矿体规模、形态进行了详细研究,以期对滇东北筇竹寺组的找矿带来新的突破。