Middle Miocene to Pleistocene magneto-biostratigraphy of ODP Sites 1150 and 1151, northwest Pacific: Sedimentation rate and updated regional geological timescale

Abstract Shipboard and shore‐based investigation on siliceous and calcareous microfossil biostratigraphy, magneto‐stratigraphy and tephrostratigraphy identified numerous datum events from the sedimentary sequences of Sites 1150 and 1151 drilled on the forearc basin of northern Japan by the Ocean Drilling Program Leg 186. Some 83 datum events were selected to construct new age–depth models for the sites. Based on the reliable magneto‐stratigraphy from the Pleistocene to the Upper Miocene, which were correlated to the standard geomagnetic polarity timescale, and on excellent records of diatom and radiolarian biostratigraphy throughout the sequences, the shipboard age model was revised. Major revisions referred to stratigraphic position of the Miocene–Pliocene boundary that has been shifted more than 200 m downward in each sequence. The age–depth relations of the forearc sites represent drastic changes in the sedimentation rate—extremely high (40 cm/k.y. on average) in the Early Pliocene and low (less than 2 cm/k.y. on average) in the Middle Miocene—and several hiatuses exist throughout the sequence. The drastic changes can be related mostly to changes in diatom sedimentation and the tectonics of the Japanese Island Arc. Local ages for some foraminiferal, calcareous nannofossil and radiolarian bioevents are estimated from the age–depth models at each site. These newly calibrated bioevents and biozones as well as established diatom biostratigraphy are incorporated into the updated magneto‐biochronologic timescale, which will contribute to an improvement in biochronologic accuracy of Neogene sediments in northern Japan and adjacent areas.     

我国咸化湖泊沉积中钙质超微化石特征及其地质意义

对我国西北和东北（内蒙古东部）36个地点的新生代-现代陆相咸化湖泊沉积中的433块标本进行了采样分析，在其中15个地点38块标本中发现钙质超微化石10个属：Coccolithus, Reticulofenestra, Cyclicargolithus,Quadrum, Discoaster, Gephyrocapsa, Calcidiscus, Umbilicasphaera,Cotonocyclus, Watznaueria等，多数为原地沉积，也有一部分属于再沉积来源。由此可见，不能笼统地把所有钙质超微化石的发现都当作海相或海侵的证据。陆相咸化湖泊沉积中钙质超微化石的特点是：丰度低，数量稀少；属种分异度低；常与陆相喜盐水生生物共生。第四系和现代陆相咸化湖泊沉积中发现的钙质超微化石属种往往是海相第四系或现代海洋中常见类型。在青海柴达木盆地七个泉构造七心1井中-上始新统下干柴沟组上段岩心中，发现Reticulofenestra bisecta。这是海相中始新世-渐新世沉积中标志化石。看来，利用钙质超微化石进行海、陆相地层对比探索已取得一定进展，但离“统”一级的地层对比还有很大距离。     

Control of favorable lithology on Jinlongshan micro-fine disseminated gold deposits, southern Qinling Mountains

Jinlongshan gold orebelt, a newly discovered one in sedimentary rock region in southern Qinling Mountains, is mainly located in upper Devonian and lower Carboniferous calcareous siltstone and argillic silty limestone of later Paleozoic era. Typical disseminated gold mineralization occurred in calcareous siltstone, which is major host rock and mainly composed of silt (SiO₂ mostly varies from 38% to 73%) and calcite (CaO mostly varies from 10% to 25%). Pyrite created by living beings in Nanyangshan formation may be poor in gold. Faults and favorable layers jointly control disseminated gold mineralization. The significance of this opinion is very great for gold exploration.     

Composition and Provenance of Sandstones and Siltstones in Paleogene, Huimin Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, Eastern China

This study was conducted to distinguish the compositions and provenance of sandstones and siltstones in the Ek1-Es3 members of Huimin (惠民) depression. The samples have been analyzed for petrographic, major element and selected trace element compositions (including REE). The results show that the sandstones from the first member of Kongdian (孔店) Formation (Ek1) have higher quartz compositions than those from the fourth member (Es4) and the third member (Es3) of Shahejie (沙河街) Formation. The alkali feldspar/plagioclase ratio in the A-CN-K diagrams decreases in the order Ek1>Es4>Es3, which suggests that the Ek1 member had a more alkali feldspar-rich granitoid source and more intense weathering of the source than the Es4 and Es3 members. The mineral distributions in the A-CN-K diagrams also indicate that the sandstones and slltstones in the three members underwent K-metasomatism. Extrapolation of the sandstones and siltstones back to the plaginclase-alkali feldspar line in the A-CN-K diagram suggests a high average plagioclase to alkali feldspar ratio in the provenance (tonalite to granite). In addition, the chemical index of weathering (CIW) and chemical index of alteration (CIA) parameters of the sandstones and siltstones suggest that the weathering of the first cycle material was intense, and the CIW decreases in the order Ek1>Es4>Es3. Trace element ratios suggest all the sedimentary rocks were mostly derived from granitoids. Elemental ratio plots (e.g., Th/Sc vs. Eu/Eu*) of sandstones and siltstones suggest a mix of a granodiorite-tonalite source as a source of the sandstones and siltstones. The sandstones and siltstones of Es3 and Es4 members also contain higher Eu/Eu* and lower Th/Sc ratios than the sandstones and siltstones of Ek1 member. As is consistent with the petrography, it suggests that the sandstones and siltstones of Es3 and Es4 members are derived from a source with less granite and more granodiorite-tonalite than the sandstones and siltstones of Ek1 member.     

钙质砂地基单桩承载特性模型试验研究

根据实际工程中单桩受力特点,对足尺桩基进行等比例缩尺,考虑不同埋深、砂土颗粒级配等影响因素,开展室内小尺寸模型单桩的竖向拉拔、水平推移和竖向压载试验,分析桩身变位、变形、轴力等参数与桩基埋深、桩周砂土特性等因素的相互关系,探究钙质砂地基中单桩在不同受力方向下的承载性状,进而剖析钙质砂中桩-土相互作用机制。研究表明,钙质砂地基中,单桩变位、变形特点随着受力方向、埋深、桩周砂土特性等的变化存在明显差异;增大桩的埋深对竖向抗拔桩的意义大过竖向抗压桩;相同条件下桩在承受竖向抗压荷载时,增大埋深的作用主要体现在加载初期,随着荷载的逐渐增大,最终差别将逐渐减小;竖向抗压桩承载过程由以侧摩阻力承载为主发展为以桩端阻力承载为主;颗粒破碎和重分布会引起抗拔桩εmax在加载后期出现衰减;宽级配钙质砂中桩的抗拔能力较强,而单一粒组的钙质砂则在维持桩身稳定方面占优势;桩侧剪碎时的桩侧阻力衰减是随着颗粒破碎逐渐发生的,而桩端压碎时的桩侧阻力衰减主要发生在砂土被压碎瞬间。研究结果对钙质砂地基中的不同功能桩基的优化、设计和施工具有重要指导价值。     

钙质砂颗粒内孔隙的结构特征分析

钙质砂是一种碳酸钙含量达50%以上的海洋生物成因的颗粒状材料。从微观结构上来看,钙质砂颗粒棱角度高、形状不规则、强度低、易破碎,且颗粒含有内孔隙。内孔隙的存在深刻影响着钙质砂的压缩、剪切和破碎等力学性能。利用激光技术对南沙群岛永暑礁环礁泻湖的未胶结钙质砂颗粒进行飞秒切割,通过光学显微镜探查并获取了颗粒的内孔隙图像,借助MATLAB图像处理软件,对钙质砂颗粒的内孔隙进行了定量分析。结果表明：较大颗粒钙质砂的内孔隙断面孔隙度相对较大,小孔隙数量较多,而大孔隙所占空间则较大;对于1 mm以上的钙质砂,缝隙状内孔隙含量远低于等轴或不等轴孔隙,等轴与不等轴内孔数量大致相等。     

珊瑚礁岩土的工程地质特性研究进展

文章综述了珊瑚礁岩土工程的研究意义、珊瑚礁岩土的组成、钙质砂的物理性质、钙质砂的静力学特性、珊瑚礁岩土中的桩基工程、珊瑚礁混凝土等方面的研究现状。得出：1）颗粒易破碎是钙质砂最重要的特性,直接影响着钙质砂的其他力学性能,而影响钙质砂颗粒破碎的主要因素有围压、有效应力、颗粒级配、初始孔隙比、颗粒强度、颗粒形状等;2）生物颗粒的易破碎以及成桩过程对钙质砂结构的扰动,导致钙质砂中的桩基承载力远低于普通石英砂;3）在以珊瑚砂为原料的混凝土工程中,利用抗硫酸盐水泥拌养的珊瑚混凝土,其强度和耐久性相对较好。最后指出：加强对钙质砂颗粒破碎发生机理的研究以及建立破碎模型、加强对新型珊瑚礁钢筋混凝土和新型桩基的研究、开展珊瑚礁岩土工程的灾害预防与处理以及工程后期的养护等,是珊瑚礁岩土工程进一步研究的方向。     

中国南海钙质砂蠕变-应力-时间四参数数学模型

钙质砂是一种海洋生物沉积形成的具有特殊结构和力学性质的岩土材料,是我国南海岛礁吹填工程的物源材料。为进一步了解其蠕变特性,采用三轴流变仪对取自中国南海某岛礁的钙质砂进行不同围压条件下的长期蠕变试验研究。试验结果表明,在小于其破坏强度的恒定应力作用下,饱和钙质砂发生衰减蠕变,随时间增加,变形不断增加,但变形速率不断减小,直至变形稳定,所受应力越大则达到变形稳定所需时间越长,且蠕变变形量与所受偏应力正相关、与有效围压反相关。应力-应变与应变-时间均为非线性关系。试验研究发现,可采用幂函数对钙质砂蠕变应变-时间进行数学描述,基于试验结果,提出了一种蠕变应变与时间、偏应力和有效围压相关的四参数新的蠕变模型,可以对钙质砂的蠕变过程进行较好的数学描述;与经典的Mesri蠕变模型相比,所提出的数学蠕变模型不需要开展常规三轴压缩试验确定破坏时的峰值偏应力,减少了试验工作,具有一定的优势。     

直剪剪切速率对钙质砂强度及变形特征的影响

为深入研究剪切速率对钙质砂强度和变形特征的影响,对钙质干砂进行不同剪切速率条件下的直剪试验。研究结果表明,随剪切速率从0.1 mm/min增至2.4 mm/min时钙质砂抗剪强度先减小后增大,其内摩擦角亦呈现出先减小后增大趋势,临界剪切速率为1.6 mm/min;低法向应力条件下钙质砂试样随剪切速率的增加更易于呈现剪胀现象,高法向应力条件下剪切速率从0.1 mm/min增长至1.6 mm/min时试样整体剪缩量逐渐减小;当剪切速率继续从1.6 mm/min增长至2.4 mm/min时试样最大剪缩量逐渐增加;不同法向应力水平条件下钙质砂加载速率效应的细观机制不同,较低应力水平条件下钙质砂加载速率效应主要由试样内部颗粒错动、换位、重新排列引起,在较高应力水平条件下钙质砂加载速率效应主要由颗粒破碎引起。     

琼东南盆地北礁凹陷梅山组顶部丘形反射特征及成因分析

南海琼东南盆地北礁凹陷中中新统梅山组顶部丘形反射目前引起广泛关注,前人推测为生物礁、重力蠕动与底流叠加成因、等深积丘等。本文通过钻井资料、二维、三维地震资料精细刻画丘形反射（残丘）和丘间水道特征及其成因。残丘及水道在北礁凸起不发育,在边缘斜坡中部和高地较发育,且有向高地两边规模减小趋势,不具对称性,残丘和水道呈平行-亚平行近E-W向展布,局部有合并分叉现象,与北礁凸起走向呈一小角度;丘宽562~1 223 m,丘高29~87 m,丘长10 km左右,存在丘翼削蚀,水道底蚀现象。地震属性分析表明三维工区西南部残丘间水道由砂泥岩互层充填,形成长条形强振幅,而残丘为中-低振幅;地震、钻井资料分析表明丘形反射（残丘）由钙质泥岩和泥岩组成,属于半深海沉积,且残丘内部波阻抗为5.0×106~6.5×106kg/m3·m/s,低于火山岩、灰岩波阻抗,属于砂泥岩地层范畴;根据梅山组下段水道由西向东强振幅变弱、分叉、前积反射和海山附近底流（等深流）沉积剥蚀特征综合判定底流古流向自西向东,根据海山两翼地震反射特征推测底流可追溯至晚中新世早期（11.6 Ma BP）,综合分析认为,研究区中中新统梅山组丘形反射是晚中新世早期底流切割梅山组地层形成的残丘。