Spatiotemporal patterns of carbon sequestration in a large shallow lake,Chaohu Lake: Evidence from multiple-core records

Lake sediment can sequestrate large amounts of carbon and this issue has become a research hotspot. However, most of research on carbon burial in lakes is based on a single (or a few) sediment core records and so may underestimate the variability of carbon burial features within a single lake. In this study, therefore, Chaohu Lake, a typical large shallow lake in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, was selected to conduct multiple, high resolution sediment core studies to elucidate that variability. Overall 18 sediment cores are analyzed according to paleolimnological proxies (including ²¹⁰Pb/¹³⁷Cs for 3 master cores); sediment accumulation rate, total organic carbon, grain size and loss of ignition is measured or estimated for most cores. The spatiotemporal variations of organic carbon burial rate (OCBR), carbon storage and their driving factors were examined. Results show: 1) There was a clear temporal difference in carbon burial during the past 150 years, with OCBR varying from 1.1 g C/m²/y to 25.6 g C/m²/y (mean 9.8 g C/m²/y). OCBR began to increase after around 1900, a rapid increase followed after 1950s and a downward trend after 1970s. Total carbon burial amount (OCBA) in the lake since the 1850s is 1.11 x 10¹⁰ g. 2) The average OCBR of six sediment cores in the northwest lake area is 13.4 g C/m²/y, significantly higher than that for sediment cores in other areas (9.6 g C/m²/y). 3) TOC, OCBR, OCBA in all 18 cores exhibited similar temporal patterns (i.e. marked increase since 1950s in most of the cores) but with significant differences in several lake locations. 4) During the last 150 years, carbon burial in Chaohu Lake appears to be greatly affected by changes in regional temperature and population size, according to their significant correlations. OCBR also has a significant correlation with the average lake level in the past 50 years, indicating human activity (notably dam building). This has imposed an important impact on OCBR in Chaohu Lake. This multi-sediment core study reveals the spatiotemporal characteristics of carbon burial in the lake and provides an important basis for increasing the accuracy of calculating carbon storage in large shallow lakes.     

Burial fluxes and source apportionment of carbon in culture areas of Sanggou Bay over the past 200 years

In this study,we assessed the burial fluxes and source appointment of different forms of carbon in core sediments collected from culture areas in the Sanggou Bay,and preliminarily analyzed the reasons for the greater proportion of inorganic carbon burial fluxes(BFTIC).The average content of total carbon(TC) in the Sanggou Bay was 2.14%.Total organic carbon(TOC) accounted for a small proportion in TC,more than 65% of which derived from terrigenous organic carbon(Ct),and while the proportion of marine-derived organic carbon(Ca) increased significantly since the beginning of large-scale aquaculture.Total inorganic carbon(TIC) accounted for 60%–75%of TC,an average of which was 60%,with a maximum up to 90% during flourishing periods(1880–1948) of small natural shellfish derived from seashells inorganic carbon(Shell-IC).The TC burial fluxes ranged from 31 g/(m2·a)to 895 g/(m2·a) with an average of 227 g/(m2·a),which was dominated by TIC(about 70%).Shell-IC was the main source of TIC and even TC.As the main food of natural shellfish,biogenic silica(BSi) negatively correlated with BFTIC through affecting shellfish breeding.BFTIC of Sta.S1,influenced greatly by the Yellow Sea Coastal Current,had a certain response to Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO) in some specific periods.     

播种深度和土壤水分对黄花补血草种子萌发的影响

 采集来自腾格里沙漠的黄花补血草种子,分别设置7个水分梯度（3.0%, 5.0%, 8.0%, 10.0%, 15.0%,18.0%,20%) 和6个播种深度（0、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 cm）,进行黑暗（10～15 ℃）和光照(20～25 ℃)处理,研究水分、埋藏深度和温度对黄花补血草种子萌发和出苗的影响。结果表明：黄花补血草种子吸涨速率很快,在6 h种子吸水达到饱和;在土壤水分为3.0%～10.0%时,种子萌发率较高,当土壤水分达到20%时,萌发受到抑制;种子埋藏越深,萌发率越低,土壤水分太低或者太高,都不利于种子萌发。黄花补血草种子萌发和幼苗生长的最佳条件是：白天温度在25 ℃,夜间温度在15 ℃,土壤水分为10.0%,埋藏深度为0.5 cm时种子萌发率和出苗率最高。     

塔里木盆地下古生界油气晚期成烃成藏的地质依据

古老地层在特殊地质条件下可以晚期成烃成藏。研究表明:塔里木盆地自下古生界沉积以来,地温梯度整体递减的热史和多次地层抬升剥蚀降温,延缓了烃源岩热演化进程;差异埋藏热演化,使部分地区烃源岩的生烃潜力得以保持至喜山期;晚期的快速深埋升温使短期内大量生、排烃并高效运聚;为新构造期的断裂系统活化提供运移的通道;这些地质条件是下古生界油气可晚期成烃成藏的保证。塔中、轮南及环满加尔凹陷较深层是最具有晚期成烃成藏可能的区域。     

供水量及沙埋厚度对两种梭梭出苗的影响

 在自然条件下,研究了沙埋和单次供水对梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）、白梭梭（Haloxylon persicum）种子萌发和幼苗出土的影响。结果表明,在试验期内（30 d）,梭梭、白梭梭出苗率随沙埋厚度和供水量的增加出现先增加后减少的趋势;出苗速率（除无沙埋）也呈现出相同趋势;死亡率和死亡速率为减少的趋势。在供水量为20～40 mm时梭梭、白梭梭种子适宜出苗,适宜供水量接近当地冬季平均降雪量;沙埋厚度为 0.5～1.0 cm的条件下出苗率较高,反映了梭梭、白梭梭对沙区环境的生态适应。根据古尔班通古特沙漠气候特点与本次试验结果,梭梭与白梭梭的人工播种辅助恢复应在早春融雪之前进行。     

沙埋干扰去除后生物土壤结皮光合生理恢复机制

通过对沙埋干扰解除后腾格里沙漠人工植被区4种典型生物土壤结皮光合作用、暗呼吸作用与叶绿素荧光参数的跟踪测定,研究了沙埋干扰解除后生物土壤结皮光合生理恢复机制。结果表明,沙埋干扰解除后4种生物土壤结皮净光合速率增加,暗呼吸速率先降低后增加。沙埋干扰去除后净光合速率、暗呼吸速率受沙埋深度和沙埋时施水量的影响,分别与沙埋深度和施水量呈反比和正比关系。沙埋干扰解除后4种生物土壤结皮PSⅡ光化学效率随时间逐渐增加,证实了生物土壤结皮沙埋干扰解除后积极自行修复的内在生理机制。     

地球生物学方法与海相优质烃源岩形成过程的正演和评价

烃源岩存在生烃和排烃过程, 高-过成熟区还叠加了烃源岩有机质的强烈改造和破坏, 从海相地层残余有机质出发评价烃源岩的反演方法需要进一步完善.以探索生命系统与地球系统相互作用为主题的地球生物学为正演烃源岩形成的动力学过程提供了理论依据.分子地球生物学、地球微生物学、地球生态学和生物地球化学等地球生物学的各分支学科(要素) 为恢复烃源岩形成时的生产力及其组成、沉积有机质的量和类型、有机埋藏量及其过程和类型等提供了技术方法支撑, 分别论述了如何利用地球生物学的技术方法来定量计算原始生产力、沉积有机质和埋藏有机质.表征地球生物学过程的地球生物相则综合和集成了烃源岩生物相、有机相和沉积相的相关信息, 包含了生境型(群落型)、生产力和有机埋藏等定量化指标, 它为建立优质烃源岩的地球生物学评价体系服务.通过烃源岩实验模拟得出的有机质恢复系数对残余有机碳进行恢复, 并与地球生物学得出的埋藏有机质进行量的对比, 由此实现地球生物学方法与传统反演方法的接口和校正.      

桑沟湾和胶州湾沉积物耗氧率研究

为评价浅海海域底层在碳元素生物地化循环中的作用,采用现场取样培养法测定了黄海桑沟湾和胶州湾的沉积物耗氧率。桑沟湾5月和8月的沉积物耗氧率分别为15和24 mmol.m-2.d-1;胶州湾8月的沉积物耗氧率为18 mmol.m-2.d-1。回归分析表明,2个湾的沉积物耗氧率分别与沉积物表层的有机碳和总氮含量正相关。取呼吸商为0.8,得到桑沟湾底层对有机碳的矿化率占水层初级生产力的102%(5月)和67%(8月),胶州湾底层对有机碳的矿化率占水层初级生产力的28%(8月)。取桑沟湾颗粒有机碳的生物沉积速率为236 mg.m-2.d-1,得到底层对有机碳的埋置效率为40%(5月)和3%(8月),埋置的有机碳占水层初级生产力的69%(5月)和2%(8月);胶州湾颗粒有机碳的自然沉积速率为251 mg.m-2.d-1,底层对有机碳的埋置效率为32%(8月),埋置的有机碳占水层初级生产力的13%(8月)。     

柴达木盆地石炭系油气调查最新进展

柴达木盆地石炭系是海相油气勘探的新领域,通过对柴达木盆地石炭系油气地质条件进行调查,评价其资源潜力,为该区寻找油气战略接替区提供科学依据。以柴达木盆地石炭系为主要目标,通过调查和研究,首次获得柴达木盆地石炭系油气流,在柴达木盆地古生界海相新层系油气方面取得重要发现;综合区域调查、平衡剖面反演及镜质体反射率等分析,获取柴达木盆地主要构造运动期次;结合盆地模拟技术,重建了石炭系埋藏史,分析了柴达木盆地德令哈坳陷石炭系烃源岩油气地化指标,研究了烃源岩生烃演化史。研究表明:柴达木盆地德令哈坳陷石炭系烃源岩广泛发育,有机质丰度较高,埋深较大,但未发生变质,处于成熟-高成熟阶段;德令哈坳陷石炭系埋藏史主要表现为快速埋藏期、稳定期与强烈抬升剥蚀期,新生代以来沉降史与抬升剥蚀史存在着差异;石炭系烃源岩热演化史主要表现为“存在二次生烃,晚期生烃为主”的特点,主要受该区构造运动控制;柴达木盆地热演化总体表现为缓慢降低的趋势,主要受控于柴达木盆地岩浆热事件与构造活动。调查分析表明,新层系石炭系油气条件良好,资源前景广阔,是柴达木盆地下一步勘探的接替层系。     

克里雅绿洲地下水埋深与土壤含水量的相关性

借助MATLAB7.0对新疆克里雅绿洲225个土壤样品的土壤含水量和28组地下水埋深数据进行处理,用线性回归法和多重回归法对土壤含水量与地下水埋深的关系进行分析。结果表明:0～5 cm、15～20 cm、45～50 cm和0～50 cm的土壤含水量与地下水埋深的相关系数分别为-0.8017、-0.8580、-0.8551和-0.8574;土壤含水量与地下水埋深之间存在显著的负相关关系,自上而下其关系逐渐增强,其中以15～20 cm土壤含水量与地下水埋深的相关性最强;由多重回归分析确定经验方程,其判定系数达到0.6631,说明地下水埋深是影响土壤含水量的重要因素,同时土壤含水量的多少可作为评估地下水开采利用与调控的依据。