Bromide distribution characteristics of different Zechstein 2 rock salt sequences of the Southern Permian Basin: a comparison between bedded and domal salts

The bromide profile of the bedded Zechstein 2 rock salts in the Southern Permian Basin is characterized by a continuous increase in the bromide contents from base to top, indicating progressive evaporation of sea water. Former studies have suggested that the bromide distribution in domal salts is more irregular, raising such questions as whether there is a causal relationship between bromide distribution and deformation‐related processes or whether various halite types with different primary bromide contents account for such irregularities. In this study, the bromide distribution of a defined stratigraphic section (Hauptsalz) of the Zechstein 2 was investigated in three salt deposits, with bedded salt (Teutschenthal) compared with domal salts (Morsleben and Gorleben). Furthermore, two different halite types (Kristallbrocken, matrix) were distinguished during sampling. Comparison between the locations reveals that: (i) the characteristic trend of the bromide profile was generally preserved in both the bedded and the more intensely deformed domal salts; (ii) the dispersion of bromide contents along the running average curve is lower in domal salt, especially in the lower half of the Hauptsalz; and (iii) the Kristallbrocken are absent in the lower half of the Hauptsalz of Morsleben and Gorleben. The absence of the Kristallbrocken and the lower dispersion of the bromide contents in the domal salts are clear indications for the influence of salt migration‐related processes on the bromide distribution characteristics. It shows that these processes are associated with a redistribution of bromide, which eventually results in a homogenization of the originally varying bromide contents. On the other hand, preservation of the characteristic trend in the bromide profiles indicates that large‐scale brecciation, folding processes or circulating bromide‐rich fluids played only a minor role during the formation of the salt domes. Selective sampling of the Kristallbrocken and matrix halite displays a disparity in bromide content that is not consistent between the studied locations. These specific phenomena might be related to different depositional locations in the Zechstein Basin or to post‐depositional processes.     

KBr-K2SO4-H2O体系在318.15 K下的热力学性质和相平衡预测研究

本文采用电动势法对318.15 K下三元体系KBr-K₂SO₄-H₂O的热力学性质进行研究。首先,测定了KBr-H₂O溶液中KBr的电动势,线性回归出电极响应斜率κ和电极常数E⁰,结果表明实验所用离子选择性电极具有良好的能斯特响应。然后,对318.15 K下三元体系KBr-K₂SO₄-H₂O混合溶液中KBr的平均活度系数进行了研究,绘制了离子强度I及离子强度分数y_b与KBr的平均活度系数关系图,由图可得,当离子强度I一定,随着离子强度分数y_b增大,KBr平均活度系数逐渐减小,且减小的趋势越来越大。当离子强度分数y_b是个定值时,KBr平均活度系数随着离子强度I的增大而减小。应用活度系数数据通过多元线性回归拟合出该温度条件下Pitzer模型混合离子作用参数θ_{Br, SO4}和ψ_{K,Br, SO}     

阴-阳离子表面活性剂复合柱撑蒙脱石的制备与表征

利用阳离子表面活性剂--十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMAB)和阴离子表面活性剂--十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)制备了一系列阴-阳离子表面活性剂复合柱撑蒙脱石.同时采用多种测试手段(碳、硫、硅含量分析、X射线衍射分析和热分析)对产物进行结构表征和性能分析.结果表明,SDS难以单独进入蒙脱石层间,但与HDTMAB作用后,SDS可以进入到蒙脱石结构层间.在复合物中有机碳量较低时,SDS对有机碳含量增加贡献明显,但其柱撑效率随着HDTMAB加入量增加而下降,至HDTMAB加入量大于3倍阳离子交换容量(CEC)时趋于平衡.在复合物中有机碳量较高时,HDTMAB负载量有下降的趋势,至HDTMAB加入量大于3倍阳离子交换容量时趋于平衡.SDS进入结构层内总体提高蒙脱石的有机碳含量,明显地增加产物的层间高度,并且改善其热稳定性.     

离子色谱法测定土壤中氯、溴

采用扩散技术处理土壤样品,同时用离子色谱测定样品中氯和溴,该方法检出限分别达到4×10-6和0.3×10-6,精密度分别达到9.38%和7.20%。测定快速、操作简单,适合大批量样品分析。     

Identification of Regional Sources of Methyl Bromide and Methyl Iodide from AGAGE Observations at Cape Grim,Tasmania

There are large uncertainties in identifying and quantifying the globally significant sources and sinks of methyl bromide (CH₃Br) and methyl iodide (CH₃I). Long-term, quasi-continuous observations can provide valuable information about their regional sources, which may be significant in the global context. We report 3 years of in situobservations of these trace gases from the AGAGE (Advanced Global Atmospheric Gas Experiment) program at Cape Grim, Tasmania (41 °S, 145 °E). The average background levels of CH₃Br and CH₃I during March 1998–March 2001 were 8.05 and 1.39 ppt (dry air mole fractions expressed in parts per 10¹²), respectively. The CH₃Br background data showed little seasonal variability. Trajectory analyses reveal that air masses showing elevated CH₃Br levels at Cape Grim have had significant contact with coastal-terrestrial and/or coastal-seawater and/or urban source regions. The CH₃I background data showed a seasonal cycle with a 3-year average amplitude of 0.47 ppt and maximum concentrations in summer, suggesting that the Southern Ocean is a significant source.Trajectory analyses reveal that air masses showing highly elevated CH₃I levels at Cape Grim have had significant contact with coastal-terrestrial and/or coastal-seawater regions and/or the open-ocean regions of Bass Strait and the Tasman Sea.     

A study of bromide in the Mandovi-Zuari river system of Goa

Bromide was the subject of detailed investigation in the Mandovi-Zuari river system and information was compiled on its spatial and temporal distribution. A simple mixture relation of Carpenter et al. was applied and seawater percentage and bromide concentrations were computed. The variation of bromide with chlorinity was linear indicating the purely conservative character of bromide and its seawater origin. Seawater ranged between 1 and 3% in monsoon, 76 and 91% in post-monsoon and 92 and 97% in pre-monsoon in the Mandovi-Zuari river system. As the bromide concentration varied linearly with chlorinity both longitudinally and depthwise, it followed that bromide exhibited a simple distribution pattern established by conservative mixing.     

Aspect control of water movement on hillslopes near the rain–snow transition of the Colorado Front Range

In the Colorado Front Range, forested catchments near the rain–snow transition are likely to experience changes in snowmelt delivery and subsurface water transport with climate warming and associated shifts in precipitation patterns. Snowpack dynamics are strongly affected by aspect: Lodgepole pine forested north‐facing slopes develop a seasonal snowpack, whereas Ponderosa pine‐dotted south‐facing slopes experience intermittent snow accumulation throughout winter and spring. We tested the degree to which these contrasting water input patterns cause different near‐surface hydrologic response on north‐facing and south‐facing hillslopes during the snowmelt period. During spring snowmelt, we applied lithium bromide (LiBr) tracer to instrumented plots along a north–south catchment transect. Bromide broke through immediately at 10‐ and 30‐cm depths on the north‐facing slope and was transported out of soil waters within 40 days. On the south‐facing slope, Br^? was transported to significant depths only during spring storms and remained above the detection limit throughout the study. Modelling of unsaturated zone hydrologic response using Hydrus‐1D corroborated these aspect‐driven differences in subsurface transport. Our multiple lines of evidence suggest that north‐facing slopes are dominated by connected flow through the soil matrix, whereas south‐facing slope soils experience brief periods of rapid vertical transport following snowmelt events and are drier overall than north‐facing slopes. These differences in hydrologic response were largely a function of energy‐driven differences in water supply, emphasizing the importance of aspect and climate forcing when considering contributions of water and solutes to streamflow in catchments near the snow line. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Using fluorescein and bromide tracers to investigate the role of baseflow in a small suburban watershed in Iowa,USA

Fluorescein and bromide tracers were used to study baseflow mechanisms of a small suburban watershed in northeast Iowa, USA. The tracers were applied to ten injection holes ranging from 1.3 to 3.0 ft in depth in two phases. Separately, two PVC wells (15 and 16 ft deep) were used to investigate tracer movement in a deeper flow system. Over 30 days of phase 1, none of the tracers was detected in the creek water. In phase 2, fluorescein was irregularly detected in the creek at two sites, whereas bromide was detected at one site only. Meanwhile, soil analysis detected measurable diffusion of bromide and fluorescein at four sites. At each of these sites, the tracer was found to be diffusing toward the creek. None of the tracers applied to the deeper PVC wells showed any movement toward the creek over 1 month of continuous sampling. Isotopic composition of water samples varied spatially as well as temporally going from the deep well (δ¹⁸O = ?8.89‰) to the injection holes (average δ¹⁸O = ?8.42‰), to the creek (average δ¹⁸O = ?7.86‰), and further to the rain samples (average δ¹⁸O = ?4.68‰). The analytical error margin is ±0.09‰. Samples from the injection holes were generally heavier than the deep well sample and lighter than the creek samples, indicating that there was no significant connection between the surface and the subsurface systems. Furthermore, the sporadic appearance of bromide and fluorescein both spatially and temporally points to the fact that baseflow does not constitute a significant part of the area's stream discharge. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seasonal and interannual variations of nitrate and chloride in stream waters related to spatial and temporal patterns of groundwater concentrations in agricultural catchments

Nitrate concentrations in streamwater of agricultural catchments often exhibit interannual variations, which are supposed to result from land‐use changes, as well as seasonal variations mainly explained by the effect of hydrological and biogeochemical cycles. In catchments on impervious bedrock, seasonal variations of nitrate concentrations in streamwater are usually characterized by higher nitrate concentrations in winter than in summer. However, intermediate or inverse cycles with higher concentrations in summer are sometimes observed. An experimental study was carried out to assess the mechanisms that determine the seasonal cycles of streamwater nitrate concentrations in intensive agricultural catchments. Temporal and spatial patterns of groundwater concentrations were investigated in two adjacent catchments located in south‐western Brittany (France), characterized by different seasonal variations of streamwater nitrate concentrations. Wells were drilled across the hillslope at depths ranging from 1·5 to 20 m. Dynamics of the water table were monitored and the groundwater nitrate and chloride concentrations were measured weekly over 2 years. Results highlighted that groundwater was partitioned into downslope domains, where denitrification induced lower nitrate concentrations than into mid‐slope and upslope domains. For one catchment, high subsurface flow with high nitrate concentrations during high water periods and active denitrification during low water periods explained the higher streamwater nitrate concentrations in winter than in summer. For the other catchment, the high contribution of groundwater with high nitrate concentrations smoothed or inverted this trend. Increasing bromide/chloride ratio and nitrate concentrations with depth argued for an effect of past agricultural pressure on this catchment. The relative contribution of flows in time and correlatively the spatial origin of waters, function of the depth and the location on the hillslope, and their chemical characteristics control seasonal cycles of streamwater nitrate concentrations and can influence their interannual trends. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三元体系K2B4O7-KBr-H2O在323K的相平衡研究

采用等温溶解平衡法研究了三元体系K2B4O7-KBr-H2O在323 K的相平衡关系及密度。研究发现,该三元体系为简单共饱和型,无复盐及固溶体形成。根据溶解度数据绘制了相图,相图中有一个共饱点,两条单变曲线,单变量曲线所对应的平衡固相分别为K2B4O7.4H2O和KBr;实验结果表明KBr对K2B4O7有较强的盐析作用。并简要讨论了密度变化规律。