机载探地雷达数值模拟及逆时偏移成像

机载探地雷达可以用于人类无法到达的危险地区、植被严重覆盖的地下目标体探测,然而由于机载探地雷达的特殊性,影响机载探地雷达探测效果的因素包括天线的极化方向、天线的飞行高度以及地表粗糙度等.为了研究这些影响因素与探测效果之间的关系,用三维时间域有限差分模拟电磁波的传播过程,以沙漠地区地下空洞掩体的机载探地雷达探测为实例,分别模拟了不同天线极化方向、天线高度及地表粗糙度情况下的机载探地雷达剖面,分析了各因素对机载探地雷达探测地下空洞目标体的影响.天线极化方向与目标体走向垂直更有利于地下目标体探测;天线距离地表越近,可以获得更高分辨率的雷达剖面;沙漠地表起伏越大,雷达剖面中的散射杂波能量越强,浅部地下目标体信号容易被掩盖.为了消除起伏地形造成的散射杂波,提出用逆时偏移成像技术对共炮集机载探地雷达数据进行偏移成像,成像结果优于基尔霍夫偏移成像结果.     

小波理论在探地雷达信号处理中的应用

探地雷达(ground penetrating radar—GPR)系统已成为浅层地下探测的有效手段并在地质勘探、城市建设、水文勘测、环境工程、考古等领域发挥着重要作用．信号处理质量是雷达技术能否成功运用的关键．本文对近年来探地雷达信号处理方面的文献进行了综合,对探地雷达技术中常用的数据处理技术作了阐述,重点分析了小波理论在探雷达信号处理中的应用,最后就小波变换理论在探地雷达中的应用前景提出了一些展望．     

城市规划管理统一信息交换平台系统

统一信息交换平台建设是广州市城市规划局在十多年信息化工作的基础上提出的一个全面信息整合及共享的大型项目,也是广州市城市规划局这两年在信息化工作方面的重点项目其目的是整合市局、区分局及相关各事业单位现有的数据,通过各部门各单位之间相互联通的宽带城域网网络,建立起全局范围内统一的信息支撑平台,从而实现全局的信息共享．现主要对该项目的总体设计方案进行了简要的介绍。     

The role of GPR techniques in determining ice cave properties: Peña Castil ice cave,Picos de Europa

The structure and ice content of ice caves are poorly understood. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) can provide useful insights but has only rarely been applied to ice caves. This paper interprets GPR images (radargrams) in terms of internal structure, stratification, compaction, thickness and volume of the ice block in the Peña Castil ice cave (Central Massif of Picos de Europa, northern Spain), providing the endokarst geometry of the ice cave in GPR data reflections. Eight radargrams were obtained by applying a shielded ground‐coupled antenna with a nominal frequency of 400 MHz. Although the radargrams do not depict the ice–basal bedrock interface, they suggest that the ice block is at least 54 m deep and similarly thick. Some curved reflection signatures suggest a potential vertical displacement in the block of ice, and thus certain dynamics in the ice body. Other images show numerous interbedded clasts and thin sediment layers imaged as banded reflections. In this particular cave a direct visual inspection of the ice stratigraphy is a difficult task but GPR provides clear reflectivity patterns of some of its internal features, making GPR a suitable instrument for this and future studies to achieve a better and broader understanding of the internal behavior of ice caves.     

亚失稳态野外观测证据

2010年1月24日,山西省河津市发生了M_S 4.8级地震,在此之前,山西临汾地震台VP型宽频带倾斜仪2009年的观测数据清晰地记录到与实验室岩石破裂失稳过程类似的图像:4-7月观测数据以准线性变化为主;8月出现偏离线性的非线性变化;10月达到峰值点之后开始缓慢下降,此阶段即亚失稳阶段;12月出现加速下降;12月21日转平。转平之后35 d距离观测台站89 km处的河津市即发生了M_S 4.8级地震。在准线性阶段(岩石破裂实验的应力积累阶段),发震断层及附近的Benioff应变曲线也出现同步加速现象。这表明临汾地震台VP型宽频带倾斜仪所记录的亚失稳态现象是来自震源的信息。实验室观测到的亚失稳现象可在野外观测数据中得以验证。     

基于变换光学有限差分探地雷达数值模拟研究

在采用有限差分方法开展探地雷达复杂目标体精细结构模拟时,为了提高计算精度,常采用非均匀网格对目标区域划分小尺寸的网格,以压制离散网格频散现象和保证有限差分方法的稳定性.常规非均匀网格和自适应亚网格技术在网格剖分数量和粗细网格边界处理上难以达到计算效率和计算精度的均衡.本文根据隐形斗篷(invisible cloak)理论,将基于变换光学(Transformation optics)理论应用于有限差分探地雷达数值计算中.该理论的主要思想是基于目标参数变化而保持电磁场的传播不变性,在坐标变换后,Maxwell方程的形式可以维持不变,而使得相对介电常数与磁导率的表达式变得复杂.通过这种方式可以虚拟地扩大目标体所占的网格节点数,减少背景介质区域的网格数,不增加模型空间的网格总数.另外,这种网格划分方式不但提高了计算效率,同时也可以克服亚网格技术边界反射误差的影响.本文推导实现了基于变换光学的二维有限差分方法,通过典型探地雷达模型测试,对比分析了该方法与常规有限差分、变网格有限差分和自适应亚网格有限差分的优缺点.计算结果验证了基于变换光学的有限差分可用于探地雷达目标精细结构模拟,具有较高的计算精度和计算效率.     

基于改进残差法的定向钻孔雷达三维成像算法

钻孔雷达是探地雷达的一种。传统的钻孔雷达可以确定目标地质体的深度,却无法判定目标地质体的精确方位;定向钻孔雷达不仅可以确定目标地质体的深度,还可以精确地确定目标地质体的方位。本文研究的定向钻孔雷达包括1个发射天线和4个接收天线。本研究通过增加移动窗口,进行窗口内的方位识别计算来实现残差法的改进。传统的残差法只能对一个目标进行方位识别;改进后的残差法可对井眼周围任意多个目标进行方位识别,并且利用4个接收天线所接收到波形的不同来确定目标地质体的精确方位,并开发了三维成像算法。最终利用模型得到合成数据,求得方位角,结合方位角进行三维成像,三维成像结果中井眼的正东方向和正南方向都有一个明显的异常,与原模型吻合良好。     

宽带地震仪资料证实汶川大地震“震前重力扰动”

在武汉大地测量国家野外科学观测站LacosteET重力仪资料中发现汶川大地震"震前扰动"现象之后,又在全国数十个台站宽带地震仪资料中发现了汶川大地震的"震前扰动".和LacosteET重力仪观测到的"震前扰动"一样,宽带地震仪资料的"震前扰动"也是在震前两天开始并逐渐增大,一直持续到汶川大地震发生,信号周期也是4～8 s.     

蒙特卡洛方法在地质雷达探测地下管道中的应用

地质雷达是一种探测金属和非金属管道的有效方法,传统方法是利用经验电磁波速度计算管道埋深,存在较大误差,且往往无法估算管径或算法繁琐。蒙特卡洛方法是一种随机模拟的地球物理反演手段,从雷达图像中读取一系列反射回波穿行时间和雷达相对于管顶的位置数据,给定合理的电磁波速度、管道埋深和管径3个参数的范围,可以有效地拟合得到速度、埋深和管径。该方法在南京地铁盾构某区段,用来拟合估算地下输油管、自来水管和污水管的埋深及管径,取得了与实际情况较为一致的结果,拟合的电磁波速度符合地下介质情况。     

Using multicomponent GPR to monitor cracks in a historical building

We tested the usefulness of acquiring multicomponent GPR data to detect cracks in a historical building, and to monitor their dynamics, caused by a slowly and irregularly moving landslide. We used 2 GHz bipolar antennas in a configuration that allows for acquiring the in-line and cross-line electric field components with x- and y-directed antennas. The 2 × 2 data matrix was collected on a floor in the building along transects at four different times over a period of one year. The data were processed with a standard 2D scalar algorithm and with the latest 3D single component vector algorithm that corrects for antenna effects. We have implemented a 3D single component vector migration algorithm in a 2.5D sense to produce 2D slices of a 3D vector migration image by applying the algorithm on line data. This procedure allows for migrating single component line data taking into account all vector effects as well as three-dimensional wave propagation. We show that the 2.5D vector migration images have a much better in-line resolution than the migration images obtained by applying a standard 2D scalar migration algorithm.The GPR profiles agree with the a priori information about the structure of the floor. In particular, we detected two different types of anomalies, only a few of which can be due to utilities and to metallic mesh. Some shallower anomalies agree well with the cracks visible on the tiling, suggesting that some cracks can be directly detected using GPR. Visually there were no changes in the cracks on the floor and no clear changes in the GPR data could be attributed to possible subsurface changes in the cracks. The variations in the GPR images seemed primarily caused by changes in the coupling of the antennas with the investigated structure (floor) depending on the season when the measurements were made. For this reason the monitoring aspect of the survey is not successful.