基于探地雷达单道信号处理的岩溶分析方法

探地雷达（GPR）作为岩溶隧道超前地质预报的主要手段广泛运用于隧道岩溶探测,但GPR自带分析软件所得时间剖面图只能进行岩溶定性分析,无法较准确地确定岩溶的位置、大小和形状。基于此,提出一种基于GPR原始数据的单道信号计算岩溶位置和大小的方法。具体做法主要包括：先用地质雷达自带分析软件确定岩溶位于哪几道信号上,再将这几道信号的数据利用自编程序提取并作Hilbert函数变换,绘出信号的瞬时振幅、相位和频率图（三瞬图）,根据每道三瞬图图像突变的位置确定岩溶的起、终点,最后联合各道计算结果确定岩溶的位置、大小和形状。上述方法在赣龙铁路中复隧道DK189+135、DK189+75断面岩溶探测中得到了成功运用。实践证明,该方法能较准确地确定岩溶的位置、大小和形状,是基于探地雷达探测岩溶分析的可行方法。     

念青唐古拉山扎当冰川冰储量估算及冰下地形特征分析

冰川体积估算对水资源以及冰川变化研究具有重要的意义. 但是实测的冰川厚度数据十分稀少,限制了冰川体积的估算. 2011年5月对念青唐古拉山北坡扎当冰川进行了雷达测厚工作,获取了该冰川的厚度分布状况. 基于该冰川的厚度数据,测量点的GPS数据,1970年的地形图和2010年Landsat TM影像,在ArcGIS技术的支持下,采用简单Kriging插值方法对冰川非测厚区域的厚度进行了插值计算,绘制出了冰川厚度等值线图并估算了冰川的冰储量. 结果表明：冰川最大厚度出现于海拔约5 748 m靠近主流线的位置,最大冰厚度为108 m,冰川平均厚度为38.1 m,2010年冰川面积为1.73 km²,扎当冰川的冰储量为0.066 km³. 将扎当冰川表面DEM与冰川厚度分布图相结合,绘制出了该冰川的冰床地形图. 结果显示,在冰川厚度大的区域,冰床地形呈现近V字形分布,这与其相对平缓的冰面地形形成明显对比;同时,在冰表地形较陡区域,冰川厚度不大,冰床地形呈现U形分布.     

青藏高原中部双湖羌塘1号冰川厚度特征及冰储量估算

冰川冰贮量的大小与变化对河流与湖泊水的影响是当前关注的热点科学问题之一. 根据青藏高原中部双湖地区羌塘1号冰川2011、2013年探地雷达测量数据和差分GPS定位结果,分析探讨了羌塘1号冰川横、纵剖面厚度特征,并在GIS技术的支持下,绘制了冰川厚度等值线,对冰川储量进行了估算. 结果表明：羌塘1号冰川作用强烈,横剖面呈典型的“U”形发育,底部宽阔平坦. 纵剖面从下往上缓慢抬升,坡度较小,下伏地形平坦,无明显突兀变化,与冰川表面具有很好的一致性. 经计算整条冰川平均厚度51.28 m,最厚处132.15 m,冰体储量0.1236 km³.     

宽频带地震辐射能量测定方法研究

地震辐射能量的测定是地震定量化研究中一个重要的基本问题,也是数字地震学中重要的研究课题,对地震定量化和工程地震学等研究具有不可忽视的推动作用。本文对地震宽频带辐射能量理论和测定方法研究的进展进行综述。在此基础上,总结近年来辐射能量测定方法和应用研究的最新进展,并对存在的问题进行比较,对今后的发展方向进行展望。     

Evaluation of trenching,ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) for sinkhole characterization

This paper explores the suitability and advantages of combining the trenching technique with geophysical surveys [ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT)] for sinkhole characterization in a mantled karst area. The approach is applied to two active sinkholes concealed by anthropogenic deposits and formed by contrasting subsidence mechanisms; collapse and sagging. The ERT section acquired across the collapse sinkhole images the clayey fill of the depression as an obvious low resistivity area, showing the approximate location of the sinkhole edges. Spatially dense GPR surveys provide information on the position of the boundaries of the concealed subsidence structures and their three‐dimensional (3D) internal geometry, revealing the dominant subsidence mechanism. We illustrate the impact of several factors on the quality of the GPR data such as sinkhole size, nominal frequency of the antennas, antenna shielding, and the presence of backfilled excavations and above‐surface objects. Trenches provided detailed information on the subsurface structure of the sinkhole, subsidence magnitude, partitioning of the strain, and the position of the sinkhole edges, especially when they are deep enough and excavated across the central sector and perpendicular to the boundaries. The stratigraphic and structural relationships observed in the trench were then used to infer the spatial evolution of the sinkholes (e.g. enlargement), their kinematic behavior (episodic versus progressive), and to differentiate discrete subsidence events and their associated magnitude. Numerical dates were used to estimate average subsidence rates and the recurrence of subsidence events. Such integrated data sets may be used as an objective basis to forecast the future behavior of potentially damaging sinkholes and to assess the associated hazard and risk. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami and human activities on long-term coastal geomorphic development in northeastern Tohoku,Japan

The 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami caused large-scale topographic changes along the Pacific coast of northeastern Japan. More than 10 years have passed since the tsunami waves struck the area. Today, because of reconstruction work, very few places exist where natural post-tsunami topographic changes can be monitored continuously. For this study, the authors investigated topographic changes caused not only by the 2011 tsunami but also by natural and artificial activities during the 50 years before and after the tsunami based on aerial photographs, excavations and subsurface explorations using ground-penetrating radar at the Osuka coast in Aomori prefecture, Japan. The site is rare because it is a protected area with few and superficial engineering activities, making it suitable for continuous observation of pre-tsunami, syn-tsunami and post-tsunami topographic changes. The findings indicate that the 2011 tsunami waves generated large topographic changes: depositional and erosional features produced by the tsunami can be recognized, respectively, as tsunami deposits and erosional channels across the sand dunes. During the post-tsunami phase, the sand volume at the coast quickly recovered naturally. Tsunami deposits and the erosional channels were well preserved underground even at 10 years after the event. However, dynamic movement of the dunes started after the tsunami. The shifting was attributable to the artificial clearing of coastal forests rather than the tsunami effects on the coast. Our results first indicate not only that the sedimentary features of paleo-tsunamis but also the erosional features have some probability of being preserved in the subsurface of the beach and sand dunes at tsunami-affected areas. Also, artificial activities such as deforestation are much more crucially undermining of the stability of the coastal geomorphology than the tsunami effects: the coast is now reaching a different status from its pre-tsunami situation.     

综合物探技术在堤坝隐患探测中的应用

本文给出笔者参与的浙江温岭东浦新塘隐患探测、椒江外沙海塘渗漏探测、缙云白马水库和玉环里墩水库坝体渗漏探测等几个实例,详细说明了综合物探技术在堤坝隐患探测中的作用、优点和需要注意的问题,具体分析了堤坝隐患的不同特征和综合物探方法的特点.工作实践表明：高密度电阻率法、探地雷达法、瑞雷波法及其综合运用能有效探测坝体缺陷,查明渗漏原因.同时,由于每种方法各有应用前提及局限性,故应针对可能的隐患特征,选用合适的探测方法及其组合,并努力提高信号采集和处理解释水平.     

探地雷达GPR正演模拟的时域有限差分实现

近年来,随着数字处理技术和电子技术的飞速发展,探地雷达（GPR）的实际应用范围迅速扩大,现已覆盖考古、矿产资源勘探、水文地质调查、岩土勘查、无损检测、工程建筑物结构调查、军事等众多领域,解决了很多工程实际问题,成为浅层勘探的有力工具.而探地雷达的理论研究与实际的应用相比,具有明显的滞后性.但是解释人员要达到精确地对探地雷达实际资料的进行解析,必须事先了解地质体的雷达反射剖面的特征,所以作为反演与解释基础的复杂地电模型的探地雷达正演模拟技术,就成了探地雷达理论研究的主要内容之一.本文以麦克斯韦两个旋度方程为基本出发点,运用K.S.Yee的空间网格模型理论和时域有限差分法的基本原理,推导出二维空间的探地雷达正演方程组,并详细地分析了差分格式中半空间步长与半时间步长的实现方法,及其雷达波电场与磁场分量在计算机上相互关系的C程序实现.然后讨论了数值频散关系及其产生原因,通过同时考虑时域有限差分法及Yee氏网格的特点,推导出了符合探地雷达实际传播规律的理想频散关系,作者自制了探地雷达正演程序,并分别计算了Mur超吸收边界条件及无边界条件下的雷达地电模型,通过对比可知,超吸收边界条件可利用,大大地减少截断边界处的干扰波,达到用有限区域达到在无限空间传播的效果.最后作者利用自制程序,对“V”字形和同一斜面上的五个圆的两个典型的探地雷达地电模型进行了正演模拟,得到了正演剖面图,消除了边界反射后的雷达剖面能很好地指导工作人员对雷达实测剖面的地质解释,同时使正演研究更符合实际的地质情况.     

用远场资料反演西藏玛尼地震的高阶地震矩张量

采用扩展震源模型测定出更多的震源参数 .我们把震源用高阶地震矩张量表示 .为了减少在高阶地震矩张量表达式中出现的大量项 ,采用了 Haskell断层模型 .利用 GSN台网 32个台站的宽频带体波资料 ,反演了西藏玛尼地震的震源参数 .通过实际计算表明 ,该震源是一个走滑断层 ,破裂方向 75°,断层面为=77°、δ=88°,λ=0°,辅助面为=347°、δ=90°、λ=1 78°,破裂持续时间为 1 9s,断层尺度为 47km× 2 8km.这些结果将为地球动力学研究提供新的定量资料 ,对于震源层析成像研究等有实际意义 .     

宝昌地震台面波震级MS与宽频带面波震级MS (BB)对比分析

选取2016—2017年宝昌地震台记录的全球220次M_S≥6.0地震,对所选地震的面波震级重新量取,为更好实现单台新旧震级的“无缝”对接,进行了面波震级M_S与宽频带面波震级M_S（BB）的对比研究。结果表明,大多数地震的宽频带面波震级M_S（BB）比面波震级M_S总体偏大,且M_S（BB）与M_S的线性相关程度较高。