祁连山中东段地区中小地震震源机制和区域应力场

利用哥伦比亚大学 GCMT 目录给出的祁连山中东段地区中强地震震源机制资料,研究较大区域（34°-41°N,100°-106°E）的应力场;利用该地区布设的中法微震数字监测台网多年监测资料和甘肃数字监测台网资料,使用 P 波和 S 波初动及振幅比联合反演方法,反演中小地震震源机制解和发震应力场。结果表明,地区构造应力大致为北东40°-45°水平向压应力;景泰地区主压应力方向约北东45°,绝大多数地震为走滑型。天祝-古浪地区有相当部分的逆断层地震分布,主压应力方向约60°,P 轴仰角在10°左右优势分布,大致为水平应力场。这与大区域构造应力场和断层实际分布基本一致。     

Study of Influence of Regional Geodynamic Background on Strata Behaviors in China's Tongxin Mine

Strata behaviors are mainly affected by regional geodynamic background. The influence of rock mass stress and energy distribution on strata behaviors in the Tongxin mine is studied in terms of regional tectonic movement, seismic activity and tectonic stress field. The results show that the extrusion lifting movement of Kouquan fault adjacent to the Tongxin mine results in the stress concentration in the rock of the Carboniferous coal bed and accumulation of a large amount of elastic energy and forms structural background of Tongxin mine. Due to various seismic activities in the mine area, the strain energy is known to reach much higher levels, up to 0.5×10⁸ J^1/2. Since the stratigraphic structure is sensitive to the mining operation, the strain energy could cause strong strata behaviors. A special geological structure model of the Tongxin mine is established based on the geodynamic division method. The distribution of regional structure stress field is determined by the rock mass stress analysis system. Based on this model, Tongxin mine is divided into five areas with high stress, eight areas with low stress and eight areas with gradient stress. The strong strata behaviors mostly occur in high stress areas. These results could provide guidance to predict the strength of regional or mine pressure and control strata behavior in different areas.     

伽师强震群震源特征及震源机制力学成因分析

应用改进的主地震相对定位法对17年伽师强震群3级以上地震进行了精确定位,根据较强地震的空间分布和震源机制解推断出伽师震群的发震构造为北北西向的雁行断裂.根据伽师震群地震的2177个P波初动方向记录,计算了伽师震群的平均震源机制解.基于Silver的震源模型,由震源谱推断了伽师震群主要地震的破裂方向,破裂尺度及应力降.文中最后用右阶雁行断裂的数值模型计算了伽师震群的发震构造所产生的扰动应力场的空间分布图像,用其解释了序列地震震源机制的多样性和低应力降现象,并认为特定的雁行发震构造与强震的多发性有关.     

台湾海峡及其邻区现今构造应力场数值模拟

本文将台湾海峡及其邻区划分为多个具有不同弹性参数的等厚区块,并利用基于弹性理论的有限元数值模型,以GPS观测速度和由震源机制解(FMS)得到的主应力轴方向为约束条件,计算了该研究区的现今构造应力场.结果表明:(1)最大主应力轴在台湾海峡中部和台湾岛弧中部大致为NW-SE向,在东北部呈顺时针旋转,而在南部呈逆时针旋转;(2)研究区水平位移场大致以23°N为界,南强北弱,且在北部呈顺时针旋转,南部呈逆时针旋转;(3)东沙-澎湖-北港隆起因强度大于周边盆地区而成为"阻挡带",导致在其南北出现两个反向的构造逃逸区,并且隆起东南区形变特别强烈,而其西北区则相对较弱.     

三维脆性破裂的拉应力判据

用线弹性断裂力学对连续介质中三维裂纹(KⅢ≠0)破裂的拉应力断裂准则提出了补充性假说和相应的计算方法（第一主微分面定点法）。对于给定应力强度因子Ki（i=Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ）的裂纹问题,从理论上给出了初始破裂面完整形式的解析表示或数值计算结果。推导结果是,三维拉张破裂的初始破裂面是以破裂点为顶点的广角锥面,跨在原始裂纹面的前缘,它的外缘为螺旋线,锥面的每一条母线都与过该线的第一主微分面重合。大量的这样的初始破裂面叠错密接,互不相交。推算的结果与已有的三锥破裂实验结果基本符合。把补充后的拉应力判据和最大拉应力理论相比较,发现在应力分量只保留奇异项的情况下,这两种判据是等价的;但如果对应力分量作零阶项修正,则两种判据只在三维(KⅢ≠0)问题中等价,在二维(KⅢ=0)问题中不完全等价。     

人为因素导致的地面沉降

天然气、石油、地下水、地热热水和卤水等流体运移出地下储存地层时,地层耗尽了流体而产生压缩变形,这些变形传递到地表表面就形成了人为的地面沉降。在本文中:(1)列举了世界上主要的地面沉降区域;(2)论述了引发地面沉降的力学机制,这些可以量测的地面沉降发生在地下含水层体系、天然气气田和石油油田之上;(3)描述了目前可以用于地面沉降测量和岩石变形原位测试的技术手段;(4)简要介绍了几个地面沉降预测的数值模型;(5)说明了用于控制地面沉降发展和减轻相关环境影响的几种防治措施。     

豫01井水位异常与地震的关系分析

针对2018年青海德令哈台尕海井水位破年变异常,系统梳理和分析该井相关资料,发现该井两套水位仪运行稳定、数据一致性非常好,而这段时期异常与降雨和气压不相关,以及井孔附近地区的视应力值较高,表明该地区地壳应力水平进一步增强。利用水位变幅、去趋势和一阶差分分析,结果显示,该项异常信度较高,反映该区域构造活动信息,是周边两次中等强度地震的共同前兆,属于中短期异常。     

A plasticity constitutive model for unsaturated,anisotropic, nonexpansive soils

The paper describes and evaluates an incremental plasticity constitutive model for unsaturated, anisotropic, nonexpansive soils (CMUA). It is based on the modified Cam-Clay (MCC) model for saturated soils and enhances it by introducing anisotropy (via rotation of the MCC yield surface) and an unsaturated compressibility framework describing a double dependence of compressibility on suction and on the degree of saturation of macroporosity. As the anisotropic and unsaturated features can be activated independently, the model is downwards compatible with the MCC model. The CMUA model can simulate effectively: the dependence of compressibility on the level of developed anisotropy, uniqueness of critical state independent of the initial anisotropy, an evolving compressibility during constant suction compression, and a maximum of collapse. The model uses Bishop's average skeleton stress as its first constitutive variable, favouring its numerical implementation in commercial numerical analysis codes (eg, finite element codes) and a unified treatment of saturated and unsaturated material states.     

Dynamic Behaviour of a Caisson Quaywall Under Strong Earthquake

—Effective stress analysis is performed to evaluate the residual displacement of a caissonquaywall during 1994 Hokkaido-Toho-Oki Earthquake and 1993 Kushiro-Oki Earthquake.Theconstitutive model used in this study is a multiple shear mechanism type defined in strain space and cantake into account the effect of rotation of principal stress axis.The earthquake accelerations recorded atthe outcropping rock during the earthquake are used as input bedrock motion.The results of finite ele-ment analysis are in good agreement with the observed behaviour of the quaywall.The analysis also indi-cates that liquefaction and high excess pore water pressure have a significant effect on the deformation ofthe caisson.Soil improvement is speculated as the most reliable measures against liquefaction.The influ-ence of soil improvement and the reasonable improved area are discussed in the paper.     

浅论不同应力状态下坝基层间剪切带弹性力学性质

本文以万家寨水利枢纽坝基Ｓｃｊ０８层间剪切带声波测试资料为依据,论述了不同应力状态下、剪切带弹性力学性质变化过程和机理,其成果对坝基施工过程控制和基础稳定性分析具有一定指导意义。