冬季北半球平流层季节内振荡与对流层季节内振荡的关系

通过平流层大气ISO与对流层大气ISO的比较分析,发现在中高纬地区平流层大气ISO与对流层大气ISO有着许多相同点.北半球冬半年平流层大气环流主要低频模态也可认为是北极涛动(AO),其空间分布的主要特征为; 高纬度地区与中低纬度地区为反位相变化,北极地区附近具有最大的变化值; 其季节内振荡的正位相对应于AO增强,负位相对应于AO减弱.北半球冬半年平流层100 hPa 和70 hPa 位势高度场的低频遥相关分析表明,北极地区(概指北纬60°N以北)和北半球其他大部分地区呈负相关,北极涛动扮演了非常重要的角色.同时,北半球冬半年平流层的主要低频波列是从欧亚大陆中部到西北太平洋,并且由纬向型低频波列(欧亚大陆-西伯利亚-太平洋)和经向型低频波列(欧亚大陆-北极-太平洋)共同构成.平流层30 hPa 和对流层500 hPa 上经过带通滤波(15～90 d)位势高度场的EOF第一主分量的形势有十分类似的特征,它们对应的时间系数序列有显著的延迟相关关系.因此可以认为,北半球平流层大气ISO的变化要先于对流层大气,在滞后35 d 左右其相关系数达到最大.大气环流模式(SAMIL)的数值模拟试验结果也表明,平流层的低频扰动可以在14 d 之后便在对流层500 hPa上激发出低频响应,其谱峰在30 d 左右.这进一步表明,通过大气季节内振荡,平流层的异常可以影响到对流层.     

Recent Strengthening of the Regional Hadley Circulation over the Western Pacific during Boreal Spring

Previous studies suggested that there are large discrepancies in the intensity trend of the zonally averaged Hadley circulation (ZAHC) among different reanalyses. As the land, ocean, and topography are not evenly distributed, the ZAHC may mask the regional variability. Changes in the regional HC have important implications for regional climate change. Here, we detect the long-term trend of the boreal spring regional Hadley circulation intensity over the western Pacific (WPHC) since 1979 in both hemispheres using six reanalysis datasets. Unlike the ZAHC, we find that the trend of the spring WPHC intensity is consistent among various reanalysis datasets. All reanalyses show pronounced strengthening trends for the WPHC in both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, which may be partly attributable to the robust warming trends of sea surface temperature in the tropical western Pacific. The result could improve our understanding of Hadley circulation variability at the regional scale and has implications for regional climate changes.     

BOREAL SUMMER CLIMATOLOGY AND STANDARD DEVIATION IN GLOBAL LOW-FREQUENCY STREAMFUNCTION FIELDS AT 200 hPa

Based on NCEP/NCAR DOE daily reanalysis dataset during 1980-2015, this study investigates the boreal summer climatology and standard deviation of streamfunction in different low frequency periods (including 10-30 days, 30-60 days and more than 60 days) at 200 hPa. Distinctions in the characteristics in different periods are emphasized. It is found that the distribution of streamfunction on the timescale longer than 60 days is mainly zonal symmetric, accompanied by strong variability in the Northern Hemisphere subtropical jet streams. For the 10-30-day timescale, it reflects the zonal fluctuating structure in the middle and high latitudes and large variability in the Southern Hemisphere. Tropical quadrupole structure is observed on the 30-60-day timescale in climatology. Besides, a relative weak standard deviation is also found in this period. This work provides basic knowledge on climatology and variability in low-frequency streamfunction, which has not been fully illustrated in previous studies.     

沼泽甲烷排放及其主要影响因素

综合评述了不同类型沼泽产生、氧化和排放甲烷能力的差异及其主要影响因素。沼泽水位的变化引起沼生植物种群更替，从而形成不同类型的沼泽及其土壤剖面形态特征，进而导致沼泽产生和排放甲烷能力的不同。腐泥沼泽产生和排放甲烷能力最强，泥炭沼泽次之，森林沼泽再次之，苔藓泥炭沼泽最弱。甲烷排放以夏季最多，春秋季次之，冬季最低。在影响沼泽排放甲烷能力中，水位的变化最为强烈，底物、植物种类及数量和温度次之，pH、外源氮和土壤性质也有一定的作用。     

东亚夏季风年际变率及其与中、高纬度大气环流以及外强迫异常的联系

利用欧洲中心35年(1968-2002年)月平均再分析资料(ERA-40),通过矢量经验正交分析方法,研究了东亚夏季风年际变率的第2、3优势模态及其与中、高纬度大气环流和外强迫异常之间的联系.这两个优势模态均与北半球中、高纬度大气环流异常有密切的关系,累计解释协方差超过了东亚夏季风的第1模态.东亚夏季风变率的第2模态解...     

北半球夏季海洋性大陆区域降水与南方涛动联系的年代际变化

利用1960—2016年夏季美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)的月平均降水资料、南方涛动指数SOI以及Niňo3指数资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及英国哈德莱中心海表温度资料,通过相关分析和回归分析,研究了北半球夏季海洋性大陆区域(Maritime Continent,MC)降水与ENSO联系的年代际变化特征。结果表明:MC地区夏季平均降水与SOI指数的相关自1998年后明显减弱。造成这种现象的原因是:南方涛动指数SOI与海温相关系数在太平洋中部为负的大值中心,且1998年之后海温异常呈中部型。这种SSTA强迫造成1998年后大气视热源异常亦偏于赤道太平洋中部,这有利于通过Gill型响应,使菲律宾以东的对流层低层存在明显的反气旋性环流,辐散增强,从而造成赤道以北降水显著减少,抵消了MC区域内南部地区降水的增加,破坏了原有的SOI为正(负)时MC地区平均降水异常增加(减少)的关系。     

不同形态磷酸盐对铜绿微囊藻和蛋白核小球藻生长的影响

地表糙度是衡量地表径流形成的一个重要指标．以东北区典型泥炭沼泽——金川泥炭沼泽为例,考虑地表坡度影响,用链条法对不同群落中糙度系数指标进行计算,并以泥炭沼泽中物种多样性、踏头个数以及踏头形态差异变率系数为主,初步分析泥炭泥泽地表糙度的变化机制,结果表明：在芦苇-臌囊苔草群落、臌囊苔草群落和油桦-臌囊苔草-泥炭藓群落三个植物群落中,糙度系数指标的变化与群落中物种丰富度和生物多样性变化相一致;糙度系数变化与踏头个数呈负相关关系,与踏头形态差异变率系数呈正相关关系说明物种多样性越小,生态优势度越大,优势种植物越少,踏头个数越多,踏头形态变率系数越小,微地貌形态发育相对较一致,糙度系数越小;反之,则地表糙度系数越大。     

MODELING LAND-SURFACE ALBEDOS FROM VEGETATION CANOPY ARCHITECTURE

Over the past decade, the climatic impact of changes in terrestrial albedo has been studied using numerous climate models, ranging from simple, one-dimensional energy balance climate models to the more sophisticated, three-dimensional general circulation models of the atmosphere. In most of these, however, the land-surface albedos have been prescribed both spatially and temporally from albedo observations. To overcome the limitations of using prescribed land-surface albedos, a model of radiation transfer in plant canopies was used to predict vegetation albedos. Because of the model's reliance on the physical properties of the land-surface cover, it is able to account explicitly for albedo variations caused by factors both internal to and external from the vegetation canopy. The model is described and the results of simulations for three representative canopy types are discussed. The dependence of albedo on irradiance distribution predicted by the model agrees well with established theory. [Key words: albedo, modeling, vegetation canopy, climatology.]     

The influence of fire and permafrost on sub‐arctic stream chemistry during storms

Permafrost and fire are important regulators of hydrochemistry and landscape structure in the discontinuous permafrost region of interior Alaska. We examined the influence of permafrost and a prescribed burn on concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and other solutes ( , Ca²⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺) in streams of an experimentally burned watershed and two reference watersheds with varying extents of permafrost in the Caribou–Poker Creeks Research Watershed in interior Alaska. The low‐permafrost watershed has limited permafrost (3%), the high‐permafrost watershed has extensive permafrost (53%), and the burn watershed has intermediate permafrost coverage (18%). A three end‐member mixing model revealed fundamental hydrologic and chemical differences between watersheds due to the presence of permafrost. Stormflow in the low‐permafrost watershed was dominated by precipitation and overland flow, whereas the high‐permafrost watershed was dominated by flow through the active layer. In all watersheds, organic and groundwater flow paths controlled stream chemistry: DOC and DON increased with discharge (organic source) and base cations and (from weathering processes) decreased. Thawing of the active layer increased soil water storage in the high‐permafrost watershed from July to September, and attenuated the hydrologic response and solute flux to the stream. The FROSTFIRE prescribed burn, initiated on 8 July 1999, elevated nitrate concentrations for a short period after the first post‐fire storm on 25 July, but there was no increase after a second storm in September. During the July storm, nitrate export lagged behind the storm discharge peak, indicating a flushing of soluble nitrate that likely originated from burned soils. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydrological and catchment controls on event-scale dissolved organic carbon dynamics in boreal headwater streams

Hydrological events transport large proportions of annual or seasonal dissolved organic carbon (DOC) loads from catchments to streams. The timing, magnitude and intensity of these events are very sensitive to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns, particularly across the boreal region where snowpacks are declining and summer droughts are increasing. It is important to understand how landscape characteristics modulate event-scale DOC dynamics in order to scale up predictions from sites across regions, and to understand how climatic changes will influence DOC dynamics across the boreal forest. The goal of this study was to assess variability in DOC concentrations in boreal headwater streams across catchments with varying physiographic characteristics (e.g., size, proportion of wetland) during a range of hydrological events (e.g., spring snowmelt, summer/fall storm events). From 2016 to 2017, continuous discharge and sub-daily chemistry grab samples were collected from three adjacent study catchments located at the International Institute for Sustainable Development-Experimental Lakes Area in northwestern Ontario, Canada. Catchment differences were more apparent in summer and fall events and less apparent during early spring melt events. Hysteresis analysis suggested that DOC sources were proximal to the stream for all events at a catchment dominated by a large wetland near the outlet, but distal from the stream at the catchments that lacked significant wetland coverage during the summer and fall. Wetland coverage also influenced responses of DOC export to antecedent moisture; at the wetland-dominated catchment, there were consistent negative relationships between DOC concentrations and antecedent moisture, while at the catchments without large wetlands, the relationships were positive or not significant. These results emphasize the utility of sub-daily sampling for inferring catchment DOC transport processes, and the importance of considering catchment-specific factors when predicting event-scale DOC behaviour.