Simultaneous Determination of Major and Trace Elements in Fused Volcanic Rock Powders Using a Hermetic Vessel Heater and LA‐ICP‐MS

Fused glass prepared without the addition of a flux is generally more homogeneous than a pressed powder pellet and thus ideal for analysis of bulk samples by LA‐ICP‐MS. In this work, a new glass‐making method using a boron nitride crucible was developed to prepare homogenous glass samples from silicate rock powder. The apparatus consisted of a small boron nitride vessel with net volume of about 34 mm³ and two molybdenum strips. Applying the summed metal oxide normalisation technique, both major and trace element contents in the fused glass were measured by LA‐ICP‐MS. Analyses of five geochemical reference materials (spanning the compositional range basalt–andesite–rhyolite) indicated that the measured SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and P₂O₅ contents matched the preferred values to within 5%, and the other major elements generally matched the preferred values to within 8%. Except for the transition metals, the measured trace element contents generally matched the preferred values to within 10%. Compared with the iridium heater method developed by Stoll et al. (2008), element volatilisation during high‐temperature melting was effectively suppressed in our method, but metal segregation caused by reduction of BN may cause loss of Cr, Ni and Cu. Although analysis with a large spot size has the advantage of improving counting statistics, matrix effects induced by mass loading of the ICP may hamper the accurate determination of some elements.     

陕北石油钻井施工应注意的几个技术问题

结合陕北石油钻井的实际情况,提出了三个值得注意的技术问题,对陕北的石油钻探生产有一定的借鉴作用.     

煤矿瓦斯抽排立眼套管安设及水泥固井工艺探讨

在煤矿瓦斯抽排立眼施工的过程中,套管安设及水泥固井是两个关键性的工序,如果出现失误,便可能产生严重的工程事故,甚至可能使整个工程报废。本文通过对坪上煤矿瓦斯抽排立眼工程的套管安设及水泥固井工序的施工,吸取了一些套管安设的事故教训,总结了一些套管安设、水泥固井的经验,有望对今后类似工程的安全施工提供帮助。     

采用钻孔注水试验确定里耶防洪堤地基渗透系数

为了进一步确定里耶古镇防洪堤砂卵石地基的渗透特性，采用原位钻孔注水试验的方法对5个断面共15个孔段进行了测定。试验结果表明，该防洪堤地基的渗透系数普遍较大，同一断面不同位置渗透系数存在一定差异，其中：1+070断面前坡马道渗透系数是后坡马道的4倍；2+470断面前坡马道的渗透系数是轴线处的10倍。     

锚固斜孔长螺旋钻进技术研究

分析螺旋叶片的结构参数可为设计提供依据。根据斜孔钻进土屑运移情况，建立力学模型并确定钻进合理工艺参数。提出螺旋钻具设计应注意的问题和施工方法的改进措施。     

煤层开采裂缝的观测与分析

利用彩色电视系统对多个矿区由于地下煤层开采造成的岩体破坏进行了实际观测,了解了覆岩破坏裂缝的分布特征和状态,通过对裂缝分布特征以及裂缝状态的分析,总结出了由于煤矿开采而导致的裂缝分布规律,提高了对破坏裂缝及离层裂缝的认识,为煤矿安全采煤提供了依据。     

采用井管外洗井增加涌水量的方法探讨

海拉尔市伊敏煤电公司疏干井施工,由于钻孔孔径大,地层松散,采用泥浆护壁钻进方法,给洗井工作带来很大困难。通过井管外插管洗井工艺,能大大提高洗井效率,保证出水量,提高经济效益。     

大孔径瓦斯抽放井施工中井内落物打捞

华晋焦煤沙曲矿瓦斯抽放井设计井深405．00m、井径φ700mm,在二次成井中靶后利用自制φ700mm三牙轮组合钻头进行扩孔作业。扩孔作业至150m时,发生三翼牙轮组合钻头掉翼事故,经探查发现井内落物落至井深295m处。根据下落物的重量、形状及井身结构,设计制作了套铣打捞器。自制的套铣打捞工具直径为φ420mm,大小与二开井径较接近,与井壁环空较小,为避免发生二次卡钻事故,采用先扩孔至井中落物,再进行套铣打捞作业的方式施工。打捞采用气举反循环方式,慢转、轻放,经过反复套铣打捞,将二块井中落物打捞出井,事故处理比较成功。     

Design and Site Experiment of Groyne in Bore Surging Area of Qiantang River

-The groyne has been used widely in bank protection and river regulation.The plane layoutand structural style of groyne are closely related to the stability of the groyne itself and the effect of bankprotection.In this paper,based on the preliminary summary of the design of bank protection in the boresurging area of Qiantang River,some problems regarding the structure of groyne are pointed out and animproved plan is put forward.Site experiment was carried out combined with an emergency repair.The re-sults of the experiment indicate that the improved project is reliable and successful.     

Tsunami ascending in rivers as an undular bore

At time of the 1983 Japan Sea tsunami, waves in the form of a bore ascended many rivers. In some cases, bores had the form of one initial wave with a train of smaller waves, and in other cases, such a wave train did not appear and only a step with a flat water surface behind was observed. In the present study, it is clarified that both undular-type and nonundular-type bores can be recognized as solutions of the KdV-Burger's equation which was introduced by Johnson in 1972. Numerically obtained analytical solutions and results of laboratory experiments are compared.