井眼附近地应力分布的三维数值模拟

该文研究的井眼附近地应力分布包括了钻井前、后两种截然不同的应力状态。以大庆外围某油田为例,用三维有限单元方法,施以适当的边界力,模拟计算出原地应力场,即钻井前地应力分布特征,其大小、方向均与中国东部实测应力场一致。在此基础上,根据井径a与井心距r同比例放大或缩小时应力计算结果不变的规律,采取了扩大井口半径的手段,计算钻井后井口附近的应力场变化特征,其规律与观测到的井眼崩落结果十分一致。      

KZWY91—1000型钻孔瓦斯压力测定仪的应用

通过对山西省云台山5次瓦斯测压试验,系统介绍了钻孔瓦斯压力测定仪的结构、工作原理和测试程序。并从测压泥浆质量管理、提高封孔效果和把握卸压环节总结出一整套测试经验。分析了测试原理、各主要部件性能、成功率高低、经济效益等。      

综合探测方法在太原盆地东山山前断层探测中的应用

东山山前断层位于太原盆地东部,是盆地北端的边界断层。在多道直流电法和浅层地震勘探初步确定断层位置的基础上,采用钻孔联合剖面探测对断层进行准确定位,并结合年代样品测试确定断层的最新活动时代。通过探测得到:东山山前断层是由三条断层组成的断裂带,长22km,宽约800m。断层上断点埋深约16.7m,错断了中更新世地层,最大断距约23.96 m,断层的最新活动时代为中更新世。此结果修正了前人认为其为晚更新世活动断层的结论。三种探测方法中,多道直流电法勘探只能初步确定断层的位置,采用高分辨率浅层地震勘探和钻孔联合剖面相结合的探测方法是确定隐伏断层位置、判定断层活动性的有效方法。     

钱塘江海宁古海塘加固技术研究及其应用

钱塘江海宁明清鱼鳞老海塘是保护浙北和苏沪南缘地区广大平原的大型防洪(潮)工程。修建于明清的古鱼鳞石塘具有雄伟的古朴特色,石塘采用条石纵横交错迭砌,条石间以铁榫相连,高达6m,绵延数十里,在社会经济中的历史地位显著,人称与长城、运河相媲美的三大古代土木工程。保护该古老水利工程使之继续发挥防潮防洪作用,其意义重大。由于建筑年久、工程老化、结构防潮标准偏低,亟需加固。经多方案比较,选择了顺直河段采用抛筑短丁坝、弯曲河段采用打长板桩以及与塘顶土埝后移相结合的总体方案。工程技术先进、经济合理。     

Determination of Boron Concentration in Geochemical Reference Materials Extracted by Pyrohydrolysis and Measured by ICP‐MS

This article presents new boron concentrations for nine geochemical reference materials (GS‐N, FK‐N, GL‐O, BX‐N, DT‐N, AN‐G, GH, Mica‐Fe, Mica‐Mg). After extraction by a modified pyrohydrolysis technique, boron concentrations were measured by ICP‐MS. The blank levels for the whole procedure were 0.091 ± 0.020 ng ml^?1 or 14 ± 5 ng of boron in total. The method was first validated by measuring nine reference materials with known boron concentrations. The determined boron concentrations are all within the range of recommended or published values, which means that the yields were 100%, and show precisions below 10% for samples containing over 2 μg g^?1 of boron.     

Modeling of 500-year tsunamis for probabilistic design of coastal infrastructure in the Pacific Northwest

This paper describes the development of tsunami scenarios from the National Seismic Hazard Maps for design of coastal infrastructure in the Pacific Northwest. The logic tree of Cascadia earthquakes provides four 500-year rupture configurations at moment magnitude 8.8, 9.0, and 9.2 for development of probabilistic design criteria. A planar fault model describes the rupture configurations and determines the earth surface deformation for tsunami modeling. A case study of four bridge sites at Siletz Bay, Oregon illustrates the challenges in modeling of tsunamis on the Pacific Northwest coast. A nonlinear shallow-water model with a shock-capturing scheme describes tsunami propagation across the northeastern Pacific as well as barrier beach overtopping, bore formation, and detailed flow conditions at Siletz Bay. The results show strong correlation with geological evidence from the six paleotsunamis during the last 2800 years. The proposed approach allows determination of tsunami loads that are consistent with the seismic loads currently in use for design of buildings and structures.     

Current Status and Advance of Tidal-Bore Deposit Study

Tidal bore is hydraulic jump during the process of tide flooding with the tide wave moving upstream. They are widely distributed in the estuary zone with high tidal range and funnel-shaped planeform. Tidal bore deposit study is important for further understanding about paleogeomorphology, paleoenvironment, paleoclimate of areas near the estuaries, and sandbody formed by tidal bore deposit could be potential oil and gas reservoir. Researches about tidal bore have been always concentrated on hydraulic characteristics of tidal bore and its influences on estuary environment and engineering, while the study on tidal bore deposit is rarely reported. One of the most important causes is the complex hydrodynamic conditions in the estuary zone. Deposits characteristics is complicated in this zone due to comprehensive effects of river flow, waves and tides. It is hard to affirm the preservation probability of tidal bore deposits, especially in the ancient rock record. In view of this, current status and forecast about tidal-bore deposit study were expounded in this study based on comprehensive summary and discussion about typical tidal bore deposit data and reports. Criteria for recognition of tidal-bore deposits were described in detail on the aspects of sedimentary structures, grain size distribution, and facies model. One of the most critical diagnostic marks of tidal bore was a special undulating erosion surface with a series of irregular and stepped excavations on it. This surface was formed by cyclic pressure loading induced by the passage of a tidal bore. In addition, the cross-bedding inclined upstream, soft sediment deformation structures and massive sandstone on the erosion surface were also important marks of a tidal bore deposit. Problems existing in current research were discussed and some suggestions were proposed. Various methods and technology should be used to perfect tidal bore facies model, and research on diagenesis and reservoir features of sandbody formed by tidal bore should be strengthened in the future. Sandbody formed by tidal bore of different types (breaking tidal bore and undular tidal bore) should be distinguished to deepen the understanding of their various hydrodynamic conditions and reservoir scale. Tidal bore is significant geological process in estuary zone, and deposits formed by it makes great influence on the geomorphology of this area, which should be paid more attention.     

基于ArcGIS Engine钻孔综合柱状图的实现

论述了基于ArcGIS Engine组件实现钻孔综合柱状图的自动生成和图形整饰的技术方法。图件包括文档及点、线、面三类要素,内容有表头、钻孔信息、伽玛曲线、地质描述、地层符号等。本文从图件自动创建过程中涉及的创建矢量文件、图形渲染、标注、MXD文档编辑等方面介绍了相应功能设计思路及实现过程。     

径流和风对涌潮影响的数值模拟

由于实际江道中地形和江道轮廓等复杂性,难以分析涌潮演变规律。以钱塘江河口为基础,建立了概化河口的水动力数学模型,将复杂问题简单化,通过数学模型计算分析了径流和风况对潮差、涨潮历时、涌潮高度和涌潮传播速度的影响。结果表明,不同河段存在涌潮高度最大值的相应临界流量,越往下游,临界径流量越大;涌潮高度随风向变化规律是"逆风"<"无风"<"顺风";顺风条件下,风速越大,涌潮高度越大。     

钱塘江涌潮对杭州河段水资源的影响

采用钱塘江潮汐、上游径流与杭州河段江水咸度指标的多元相关方程,分析了钱塘江涌潮对杭州河段水资源的影响。结果表明:钱塘江涌潮对杭州河段江水咸度的影响在下游河段比在上游河段大;钱塘江涌潮强度越强,对杭州河段江水咸度的影响越大。