BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Latin America: Case Studies . Richard G. Boehm and Sent Visser Locality and Rurality: Economy and Society in Rural Regions . Tony Bradley And Philip Lowe The City and the Grassroots . Manuel Castells Geopolitics and Conflict in South America. Quarrels among Neighbors . Jack Child Post-Industrial America: A Geographical Perspective . David Clark Coastal Research: UK Perspectives . Malcolm W. Clark A Rural Policy for the EEC? Hugh Clout Peasant Agriculture in Assam: A Structural Analysis . M. M. Das . Environmental Change and Tropical Geomorphology . I. Douglas and T. Spencer Advances in Abandoned Settlement Analysis: Application to Prehistoric Anthrosols in Colombia, South America . Robert C. Eidt Measuring Culture . Jonathan L. Gross and Steve Rayner North America: A Human Geography . Paul Guinness and Michael Bradshaw A Geographical Bibliography for American Libraries . Chauncy D. Harris et al. Geography and the Urban Environment: Progress in Research and Applications, Vol. VI . D. T. Herbert and R. J. Johnston Changes in Global Climate: A Study of the Effect of Radiation and Other Factors During the Present Century . K. Ya . Kondrat'ev . Rural Development and the State: Contradictions and Dilemmas in Developing Countries . David A. M. Lea and D. P. Chaudhri The Martial Metropolis: U.S. Cities in War and Peace . Roger W. Lotchin The Climate of the Earth . Paul E. Lydolph . Weather and Climate . Paul E. Lydolph . Spatial Divisions of Labor: Social Structures and the Geography of Production . Doreen Massey . Panorama of the Soviet Union . N. Mikhailov . Soviet Armenia . K. S. Demirchian . USSR: Geography of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan Period . K. Spidchenko . Planung und Verwirklichung der Wiener Ringstrassenzone (Planning and Materialization of the Ringstrasse-Zone of Vienna). Kurt Mollik , Hermann Reining , Rudolf Wurzer . The American West Transformed: The Impact of the Second World War Gerald D. Nash . An Overview of the Survey of Income and Program Participation . Dawn Nelson , David Mc Millen, and Daniel Kasprzyk . Phenomenology, Science and Geography: Spatiality and the Human Sciences . John Pickles . Biological Diversification in the Tropics . Ghillean T. Prance Die Wanderviehwirtschaft im gebirgigen Westen der U.S.A. und ihre Auswirkungen im Naturraum . Gisbert Rinschede . Social and Economic Aspects of Radioactive Waste Disposal: Considerations for Institutional Management . World-Wide Weather . K. Takahashi Coastal Geomorphology in Australia . B. G. Thom Settlement System in Rural India: A Case Study of the Lower Ganga-Yamuna Doab . Ram Chandra Tiwari . Computer Programming for Geographers . David J. Unwin and John A. Dawson . Late Quaternary Environments of the Soviet Union . A. A. Velichko, ed . H. E. Wright , Jr. and C. W. Barnosky Ethics in Planning . Martin Wachs     

糠醛废水处理工程实例

系统地阐述了用UASB厌氧生物处理糠醛废水技术的处理工艺,控制温度、pH值、营养盐的工艺条件,使糠醛废水经厌氧及生物接触氧化二级生物处理,可以稳定达到国家排放标准.     

生物流化床处理废水的研究进展与展望

介绍了好氧生物流化床与厌氧生物流化床的研究和应用进展,对近年来出现的几种新型生物流化床的研究进展作了介绍,并展望了生物流化床技术的发展方向和应用前景.同时提出了生物流化床在试验研究与应用中尚须解决的问题.     

Wind erodibility of soils at Fort Irwin,California (Mojave Desert), USA,before and after trampling disturbance: implications for land management

Recently disturbed and ‘control’ (i.e. less recently disturbed) soils in the Mojave Desert were compared for their vulnerability to wind erosion, using a wind tunnel, before and after being experimentally trampled. Before trampling, control sites had greater cyanobacterial biomass, soil surface stability, threshold friction velocities (TFV; i.e. the wind speed required to move soil particles), and sediment yield than sites that had been more recently disturbed by military manoeuvres. After trampling, all sites showed a large drop in TFVs and a concomitant increase in sediment yield. Simple correlation analyses showed that the decline in TFVs and the rise in sediment yield were significantly related to cyanobacterial biomass (as indicated by soil chlorophyll a). However, chlorophyll a amounts were very low compared to chlorophyll a amounts found at cooler desert sites, where chlorophyll a is often the most important factor in determining TFV and sediment yield. Multiple regression analyses showed that other factors at Fort Irwin were more important than cyanobacterial biomass in determining the overall site susceptibility to wind erosion. These factors included soil texture (especially the fine, medium and coarse sand fractions), rock cover, and the inherent stability of the soil (as indicated by subsurface soil stability tests). Thus, our results indicate that there is a threshold of biomass below which cyanobacterial crusts are not the dominant factor in soil vulnerability to wind erosion. Most undisturbed soil surfaces in the Mojave Desert region produce very little sediment, but even moderate disturbance increases soil loss from these sites. Because current weathering rates and dust inputs are very low, soil formation rates are low as well. Therefore, soil loss in this region is likely to have long‐term effects. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海洋生物高值利用研究进展与发展战略思考

海洋生物高值利用是海洋生物资源可持续利用的重要方面,是全球科技创新中最具实效性和创新性的领域之一。借助于现代生物技术开展海洋生物高值利用研究,开发海洋生物基化学资源、海洋微生物资源、海洋生物基因资源,获得海洋食品、海洋药物、海洋功能制品、海洋生物质能等高值制品,将成为海洋生物资源可持续利用的重要方向和突破口。分析了海洋生物资源高值利用的国内外研究现状,介绍了"十一五"期间中国科学院在该领域的布局情况和所取得的科技创新成果,提出了我国海洋生物资源高值利用研究的发展战略。     

基于生物学同步模型的WSN群同步算法研究

在研究现有无线传感器网络时间同步算法的基础上,为进一步满足大规模网络对同步算法精度和扩展性的需求,将生物学同步模型引入无线传感器网络中,提出一种分布式的群时间同步算法,并进行仿真验证。结果表明,该算法能够使具有不同初始相位的网络节点最终达到相位同步,满足网络同步要求。     

高寒沙区生物土壤结皮覆盖区凝结水组分分析

凝结水作为干旱半干旱地区重要的组分,对生物土壤结皮具有重要的生态学作用。为阐明高寒沙区青海共和盆地生物土壤结皮表层5 cm凝结水水汽来源,利用2017年5—9月自制微渗仪对土壤表层5 cm不同类型生物土壤结皮(苔藓结皮、藻类结皮、物理结皮)和流沙凝结水进行了观测。结果表明:高寒沙区凝结水量随结皮发育程度变化呈增加趋势,表现为:苔藓结皮>藻类结皮>物理结皮>流沙;生物土壤结皮覆盖区凝结水量显著大于流沙凝结水量,即生物土壤结皮有利于凝结水的产生;凝结水主要由吸湿水和大气水汽凝结水与土壤凝结水两部分组成;观测期间,不同类型结皮日土壤凝结水量无显著性差异;吸湿水量和大气水汽凝结水总量显著高于土壤凝结水量(P<0. 05);随时间的变化,吸湿水和大气水汽凝结水与土壤凝结水对凝结水的贡献率呈波动性变化;吸湿水和大气水汽凝结水贡献率主要集中在65%～80%,土壤凝结水贡献率主要集中在20%～35%。     

生物药剂在金矿浮选中的试验探索

生物技术在选矿领域的应用越来越受到人们的重视,而生物药剂浮选技术还处于不断探索研究阶段。本文通过试验研究重点筛选出可生物降解的化学药剂H-3作为生物药剂应用于金矿浮选中。当H-3加工处理产物H-3-2用量为10×10~(-6)/5×10~(-6)时,粗精矿的回收率可以达到95.19%,尾矿品位为w(Au)=0.14×10~(-6)。与单一使用丁黄药和单一使用丁胺黑药相比,粗精矿回收率提高了2%～3%,尾矿品位降低了0.04×10~(-6)～0.09×10~(-6)。其用量仅是丁黄药和丁胺黑药用量的十分之一,降低了化学药剂的用量,且无毒无污染,可以生物降解,基本达到了预期目标。     

新疆山地冰川变化及影响研究进展

揭示新疆山地冰川变化及其影响,对新疆山地-绿洲-荒漠系统的健康和稳定发展意义重大。系统梳理新疆冰川物理变化、化学过程、生物资源、气候响应与生态效应等研究成果。结果表明：①新疆山地冰川总体上呈加速消融之势,且受地形、气候影响,冰川变化的区域性差异明显;②气溶胶解释了乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川表层物质的组成与来源,同位素定量了各流域径流中冰川融水的比例;③冰川变化对极端微生物生存条件、空间分布的影响研究较为成熟,但其与生物资源间的综合反馈机理尚不明晰;④冰川消融对水资源的影响随冰川融水拐点的到来而加剧,造成的生态服务缩减和冰雪产业损失日益凸显。制定统一的冰川提取标准、扩宽研究视角、全面系统观测冰川、提高模拟预测精度、加强灾害预警与制定对策是未来新疆山地冰川研究的关注点。     

人工生物土壤结皮对草本植物群落组成与多样性的影响

人工生物土壤结皮（Biological Soil Crusts, BSCs）指通过人工培养加速形成的BSCs,可用于沙化土地治理。目前关于人工BSCs的研究多在藻种选择与培养、接种方法优化及野外拓殖等方面,缺少其对荒漠生态系统功能恢复作用的研究。为探讨人工BSCs对草本植物多样性等荒漠生态系统功能恢复的影响,以腾格里沙漠东南缘人工BSCs与流沙为研究对象,对人工BSCs属性以及草本植物的组成、生长和多样性进行了研究。结果表明：人工BSCs样地共有9种草本植物,隶属于4科9属,其中苋科（Amaranthaceae）种数最多,其次为禾本科（Gramineae）,优势种为砂蓝刺头（Echinops gmelini）。对照组流沙的草本植物总盖度8%、生物量11.63 g·m^-2、丰富度0.71、多度1.00;人工BSCs草本植物的总盖度11%—19%、生物量80.00—179.70 g·m^-2、丰富度1.67—3.67、多度4.33—16.78。人工BSCs盖度与草本植物盖度为二次函数关系,而人工BSCs属性与草本植物的盖度、生物量、丰富度、多度均呈显著正相关关系。因此,人工BSCs形成与发育有利于草本植物的生长和多样性的恢复,加快了荒漠生态系统功能恢复。