Geographical Variation and Influencing Factors of Spartina alterniflora Expansion Rate in Coastal China

Biological invasion poses a huge threat to ecological security.Spartina alterniflora was introduced into China in 1979,and its arrival corresponded with negative effects on native ecosystems.To explore geographical variation of its expansion rate in coastal China,we selected 43 S.alterniflora sites from Tianjin Coastal New Area to Beihai.The area expansion rate,expansion rate paralleling and vertical to the shoreline were analysed based on Landsat images and field survey in 2015.Simple Ocean Data Assimilation(SODA)and climate data were collected to statistically analyse the influential factors of expansion rate.Results showed that significant difference of S.alterniflora area expansion rate among different latitude zones(P<0.01),increasing from 6.08%at southern(21°N–23°N)to 19.87% in Bohai Bay(37°N–39°N)along latitude gradient.There was a significant difference in expansion rate vertical to shoreline in different latitude zones(P<0.01)with the largest occurring in Bohai Bay(256m/yr,37°N–39°N),and showed an decreasing tendency gradually from north to south.No significant difference and latitudinal clines in expansion rate paralleling to shoreline were observed.Expansion rate had significant negative correlation with mean seawater temperature,the lowest seawater temperature,current zonal velocity and meridional velocity and presented a reducing trend as these biotic factors increased;however,they were not significantly correlated with the highest seawater temperature and mean seawater salinity.We identified significant correlations between expansion rate and annual mean temperature,the lowest temperature in January and annual precipitation,but there was little correlation with annual diurnal difference in temperature and the highest temperature in July.The rapid expansion rate in high-latitude China demonstrated a higher risk of potential invasion in the north;dynamic monitoring and control management should be established as soon as possible.     

干旱区啤酒花农艺性状与品质的关系

明确啤酒花农艺性状与品质的相关性,可以为啤酒花种质资源优选鉴定提供依据。分析了甘肃省河西地区引进的50份啤酒花种质材料单蔓花数、花穗长、花穗粗、单花重、百花重、干鲜比与产量和品质的关系。结果表明：干旱半干旱地区啤酒花种质资源农艺性状和品质指标均存在较大变异,为优异资源的筛选创造了条件。农艺性状和品质指标存在一定相关性,其中,花穗粗和单花重均与干鲜比显著正相关（R²=0.293和R²=0.288）,花穗长和干鲜比与黄腐酚含量呈极显著正相关且干鲜比对黄腐酚含量贡献大于花穗长,而6个主要农艺性状均与α-酸含量无显著相关性。花穗长、花穗粗可以作为干鲜比大、产量和黄腐酚含量高、药用价值好的啤酒花种质资源筛选的农艺性状指标,但高α-酸含量的啤酒花种质资源无法通过农艺性状去筛选。     

甘肃省摩天岭北坡木本植物叶性状变异及关联

调查了摩天岭北坡以常绿阔叶林带与落叶阔叶混交林为主的低海拔区(700~1 500m)和针阔叶混交林与亚高山针叶林为主的高海拔区(2 100~3 400m)的21个木本植物群落组成,测定了104种植物的比叶面积(SLA)、叶干物质含量(LDMC)、叶片全磷含量(TPC)、叶片全氮含量(TNC)、叶片全碳含量(TCC)以及叶片厚度(LT)等6个植物功能性状。采用相关性分析对6个植物功能性状的变异和关联进行分析。结果表明:(1)SLA、LT和TCC在高海拔区明显高于低海拔区,而LDMC和TNC表现出高海拔区低于低海拔区;(2)SLA均随海拔的升高表现出降低的趋势,而LDMC和LT都随海拔的升高呈现增加的趋势。低海拔区TCC和高海拔区TCC都随海拔的升高呈增加的趋势;低海拔区TNC和TPC随海拔的变化与高海拔区相反,TNC和TPC在低海拔区随着海拔的升高表现出增加的趋势,而在高海拔区随海拔的增加呈现降低的趋势。(3)在高、低海拔区,SLA与LDMC、LT和TCC均呈极显著的负相关关系(P<0.01),LDMC与LT和TCC呈极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01)。摩天岭北坡不同海拔区木本植物叶片功能性状与海拔的关系,反映了该区域木本植物的不同叶片功能性状对海拔决定的环境异质性的协同响应和适应。     

贺兰山奥陶系研究的新进展

近年来,作者对贺兰山区奥陶系进行了岩石地层及生物地层学的研究,取得了新的进展。确证该区寒武系与奥陶系为连续沉积,对奥陶系进行了合理划分和时代厘定,初步建立了11个化石带或生物组合。该区是华北地台西缘奥陶系发育最好、生物地层研究最清楚的地区。根据沉积物及生物特征,确认本区中奥陶统为大陆边缘斜坡相沉积,浊流特征颇为典型。是研究斜坡沉积作用及其相模式、古构造古地理演化及其含矿性的理想地区。     

Production of the Crab Elamenopsis kempiHymenosomatidae in the Garmat-Ali Region, Basrah, Iraq

Abstract. The production of the hymenosomatid crab Elamenopsis kempi was calculated for a period of 18 months from a subtidal area of the Garmat-Ali river, southern Iraq. The highest average individual somatic energy was attained in spring. Maximum population biomass and production were attained by the summer cohort and the minimum values were exhibited by the overwintering cohort. The fluctuations of the average population biomass were followed throughout the sampling period. Average total annual population production was 13.2 g DW · m^-2· a^-1 and the P/B ratio was 5.9. These values were compared with those of the most common crustaceans in the region.     

现代中国人起源的实证──颅骨特征的时空变化

本文用数学方法系统地检测了从早期智人到现代人时期中国人颅骨测量性特征的时空变化规律。结果显示,从早期智人到晚期智人的演化过程出现逆向变化、不连续;同时,长江以北的和长江以南的颅骨特征时态变化趋势也呈现显著差异。这两种现象的存在,揭示了现代北方的和南方的中国人可能由各自地区的早期智人演化而来。     

对海洋生态学和生物海洋学的浅析

海洋生态学和生物海洋学的研究内容大多交叉、重叠。为利于学科发展,文章在简述学科的产生与定义的基础上,强调学科之间要加强合作,适当分工。建议:海洋生态学侧重研究生物之间的相互关系和对环境的适应性、生存策略,并积极与经济、社会和文化相关学科交叉、融合;生物海洋学侧重于研究生物在海洋环境中的作用和功能,把推进对海洋的认识放在首位,加强与物理海洋学、化学海洋学的耦合,为海洋在地球四大圈层的相互关系中展现活力。据此,以渔业海洋学、海洋生态灾害和生物对地质的作用为例,阐述海洋生态学和生物海洋学的理解及其相互之间关系。     

海水浓度对生物接触氧化法处理废水的影响

研究了海水浓度对生物接触氧化法处理废水的影响。结果表明,在淡水中添加海水超过35％时,生物接触氧化法去除废水的化学耗氧量(COD)的效果随着海水浓度的增加而降低．添加海水10％～25％时,COD的去除效果好,25％时COD最高总去除率可达87．8％．处理效果几乎与纯淡水的对照组(COD总去除率88．6％)等同。     

多样性指数在海洋浮游植物研究中的应用

对海洋浮游植物群落分析中常用的多样性指数进行了比较研究.对物种丰富度依赖型、丰度依赖型和实测浮游植物群落中物种丰富度、Shannon指数(以2或e为底)、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson指数(1-D或1/D形式)、Margalef指数、Berger-Parker指数、McIntosh指数、McIntosh均匀度指数、Brillouin指数、Brillouin均匀度指数、Fisher α指数和Q统计指数等不同多样性指数计算结果进行了比较,发现不同多样性指数对浮游植物群落多样性的分析存在明显差异.对于一般情况下浮游植物群落多样性的研究,物种丰富度、Margalef指数、Fisher α指数、Shannon指数、Simpson相遇指数和Pielou指数的综合使用是较合适的,但对Margalef指数和Fisherα指数的结果要谨慎解释.并在综合应用各指数的基础上提出了浮游植物群落多样性分析的一般步骤.