天然有机质及其在地表环境中的重要性

天然有机质是地表各种环境介质中的重要化学组分,分布广泛.越来越多的研究已经表明:它在地表生态系统的物理、化学和生物过程中都起着十分重要的作用;它与生态系统的各个重要环节密切相关,是生态系统中能量与物质循环的重要途径.因此,天然有机质不仅是生物地球化学、生态学和环境科学等研究领域的重要内容之一,而且也是环境污染的评价、预测和治理研究中的基础理论问题,是目前环境质量、毒理学、环境立法和管理研究共同关注的科学问题.本文主要以陆地地表淡水湖泊与河流水环境为例,对天然有机质的来源、化学结构、循环特征,与养分循环的耦合关系,对有毒金属元素和有机污染物迁移转化和毒性影响机理等几个方面的研究进展进行了简要的总结;针对我国水体富营养化和环境污染等重要环境问题,阐述当前应该采取的研究思路和存在的主要科学内容,并对现代有机环境与生物地球化学学科的研究趋势进行了展望.     

Ecogeochemistry in Mountain Region-Definition, Progress and Prospection

生态地球化学是生态学和地球化学相结合的学科,研究自然界中化学、物理、地质和生物过程,以及这些过程之间的相互作用及其对生态系统发生、发展所产生的影响,具体而言生态地球化学通过化学物质在生态系统中的分布、分配、迁移、转化规律研究,评价生态系统状态及发展方向.生态地球化学虽然形成较晚,西方科学家甚至很少用“生态地球化学”这一名词,但国内外都已取得了长足进展,形成了以生态地球化学填图为基础,生态安全和健康评价为目的的多个独立生态系统的生态地球化学研究方向,如城市生态地球化学、湿地生态地球化学等.山地是陆地最主要的地貌单元,具有独特的生态系统特性,国内外山地生态地球化学研究尚未系统开展,但在山地元素地球化学、生物地球化学和生态地球化学评价等方面均已有相当显著的成果,今后山地生态地球化学研究在加强理论研究的同时,要注重建立完善的方法体系、研究体系和生态效应评价体系,为山地生态地球化学预警和生态保护、恢复提供依据.     

地质微生物学及其发展方向

地质微生物学是在20世纪末发展起来的新的地学分支,主要研究地质环境中的微生物活动过程及其形成的各种地质地球化学记录。通过对现代及地质历史上的各种地质环境,包括极高温,高压,极端酸性,碱性,高盐度,极高放射性,地球深部等环境中微生物的生存和演化,及其和地质环境的相互作用而形成的各种地球化学记录的研究,探讨微生物在过去、现在和将来对生命活动最重要的元素(C,H,O,N,S,Fe等)在全球或局部尺度上的循环作用,从而对微生物的风化作用、成矿作用、地质环境下的微生物生态链及其环境的研究提供重要的科学证据。微生物与矿物的相互作用、极端环境下的微生物和生态及分子地质微生物学是当前地质微生物学研究的重要方向。     

Acid rain in China-Input-output budgets of major ions in four forested catchments

Acid rain is one of China＇s major environmental problems and emissions of sulphur and nitrogen are still increasing. The acid rain situation in China is somewhat different from what is seen in Europe and North America. Sulfur deposition is very high, but there is also very high deposition of calcium and other base cations. The sources of atmospheric Ca are not well understood, although it is important for understanding long term impacts of acid deposition. The fate of S, N and Ca^2＋ in the catchment is crucial for the future development of the acidification situation of soils and waters in China. Very few studies presenting catchment input-output ion budgets in Chinese natural environments exist and there are several unknown factors regarding processes. Here, we present annual input-output budgets for three years （2001-2003） for major ions for four forested catchments in China receiving different loads of acid deposition. For the two sites receiving the highest SO4^2- inputs, the input-output budget for the upper 50 cm of soil is approximately balanced. For the most remote site the soil is a net sink for SO4^2-, suggesting that the pool of adsorbed SO4^2- in the soil is building up. This is in agreement with the fact that the site so far has received only moderate SO4^2- inputs. For the southemmost, the subtropical site there is a loss of SO4^2- in the soil, which at least partly may be related to high uptake from the dense and highly productive forest at the site. The Ca^2＋ budgets for the upper 50 cm of soil show large variations both within and between sites. For most locations there is production of Ca^2＋ in the soil that can be explained by weathering, and variation between years related to hydrology that can be explained by ion exchange. However, at some plots at the site receiving very high inputs of both SO4^2- and Ca^2＋, there is an unknown sink of Ca^2＋ in the soil at some plots.     

内蒙古合同察汗淖碱湖成碱过程中的生物地球化学作用

本文介绍了内蒙古合同察汗淖碱湖的自然环境、地质演变过程和碱湖卤水的形成演化机理。指出补给碱湖的初始淡水中2(Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+))/HCO_3~-的摩尔比值接近于1(0.96),不利于向碱性卤水的演化。然而,在从淡潜水向高浓度碱性卤水演变过程中存在着明显的碱质富集现象。这种现象与当地的生态环境和生物地球化学作用密切相关。以富集钠元素为特征的干旱耐盐碱植被为湖水富集碱质作出了重要贡献。     

遥感生物地球化学在找矿勘探中的应用及效果

以海南西部金成矿区为例,利用遥感生物地球化学的理论和技术方法,从遥感资料中分析金矿的图象特征,提取与金矿化有关的植被异常信息,成功地优选出金矿化遥感异常区,并进行了地面验证,取得了良好的应用效果     

Biogeochemistry of iron in an acidic lake

In this paper, the fate of iron in Lake Cristallina, an acidic lake in the Alps of Switzerland, is discussed. A simple conceptual model is developed in order to explain the observed diel variation in dissolved iron(II) concentration. Biotite weathering provides reduced iron that is oxidized and subsequently precipitated in the lake. The amorphous Fe(III)hydroxide (FeOOH xH₂O), found in the sediments of Lake Cristallina, is an Fe(II) oxidation product. This oxygenation reaction is most probably catalyzed by bacteria surfaces, as indicated by the relatively high estimated oxidation rate compared to the oxidation rate of the homogeneous oxidation of inorganic Fe(II) species at the ambient pH of Lake Cristallina (pH 5.4 at 4 °C) and by the scanning electron micrograph pictures. Under the influence of light, these amorphous iron(III)hydroxide phases are reductively dissolved. The net concentration of Fe(II) reflects the balance of the reductive dissolution and the oxidation/precipitation reactions and tends to parallel the light intensity, leading to a diurnal variation in the Fe(II) concentration. The rate of the photochemical reductive dissolution of Lake Cristallina iron(III)hydroxides is greatly enhanced in situ and in the laboratory by addition of oxalate to the lake water.     

Effects of solar radiation modification on the ocean carbon cycle: An earth system modeling study

Solar radiation modification (SRM, also termed as geoengineering) has been proposed as a potential option to counteract anthropogenic warming. The underlying idea of SRM is to reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the atmosphere and surface, thus offsetting some amount of global warming. Here, the authors use an Earth system model to investigate the impact of SRM on the global carbon cycle and ocean biogeochemistry. The authors simulate the temporal evolution of global climate and the carbon cycle from the pre-industrial period to the end of this century under three scenarios: the RCP4.5 CO₂ emission pathway, the RCP8.5 CO₂ emission pathway, and the RCP8.5 CO₂ emission pathway with the implementation of SRM to maintain the global mean surface temperature at the level of RCP4.5. The simulations show that SRM, by altering global climate, also affects the global carbon cycle. Compared to the RCP8.5 simulation without SRM, by the year 2100, SRM reduces atmospheric CO₂ by 65 ppm mainly as a result of increased CO₂ uptake by the terrestrial biosphere. However, SRM-induced change in atmospheric CO₂ and climate has a small effect in mitigating ocean acidification. By the year 2100, relative to RCP8.5, SRM causes a decrease in surface ocean hydrogen ion concentration ([H⁺]) by 6% and attenuates the seasonal amplitude of [H⁺] by about 10%. The simulations also show that SRM has a small effect on globally integrated ocean net primary productivity relative to the high-CO₂ simulation without SRM. This study contributes to a comprehensive assessment of the effects of SRM on both the physical climate and the global carbon cycle.摘要太阳辐射干预地球工程是应对气候变化的备用应急措施. 其基本思路是通过减少到达大气和地表的太阳辐射, 从一定程度上抵消温室效应引起的全球变暖. 本研究使用地球系统模式模拟理想化太阳辐射干预方法对海洋碳循环的影响. 模拟试验中, 通过直接减少太阳辐射将RCP8.5 CO₂排放情景下的全球平均温度降低到RCP4.5情景下的温度. 模拟结果表明, 到2100年, 相对于RCP8.5情景, 减少太阳辐射通过增加陆地碳汇, 使大气CO₂浓度降低了65 ppm. 减少太阳辐射对海洋酸化影响很小. 到 2100 年, 相对于RCP8.5情景, 减少太阳辐射使海表平均氢离子浓度减少6%, pH上升0.03, 同时使海表平均氢离子浓度的季节变化振幅衰减约10%. 模拟结果还表明, 减少太阳辐射对全球海洋净初级生产力的影响较小. 本研究有助于深化我们对太阳辐射干预地球工程的气候和碳循环效应的认知和综合评估.     

The biogeochemical fate and toxicity of mercury in Controlled Experimental Ecosystems

The affinity of mercury for organic matter was the most important parameter governing its chemical speciation, transport and toxicity in Controlled Experimental Ecosystems (CEEs) of the Controlled Ecosystem Pollution Experiment (CEPEX) deployed in Saanich Inlet, B.C., Canada, Particulate, colloidal and high molecular weight dissolved forms of mercury accounted for about 90% of the total mercury present in the water column. Bioassays indicated that organic matter in the above size classes had an important influence on the toxicity of mercury to phytoplankton.Sorption of mercury to particulate organic matter in the CEEs could be described by either Freundlich or linear adsorption isotherms. An observed depth-dependent increase in mercury content of particulate matter was attributed to selective biological degradation of non-mercury-binding organic components of the particles during settling.The high affinity of mercury for settling particulate organic matter led to rapid removal of mercury from CEEs. Removal rates could be described as first order and were a function of primary production rates. Deviations of measured half-removal times from those predicted by an empirically formulated relationship between primary production and mercury half-removal times could be related successfully to the influence of other occasionally significant biological parameters such as zooplankton grazing activity.