冻融试验对土中含水量分布的影响

The silty clay and silty loam are two typical soil types obtained from two test sites along the Qinghai-Tibet railway. The two types of soil have been designed various initial dry densities, water eontents, temperature conditions in repeated freezing and thawing tests with free access to water at the bottom. Afterfreeze-thaw cycles, the moisture content in the freeze-thaw zone increases more than that in the unfrozen zone to the peak approximately at the top of the samples. With comparison of the water contents in the frozen and thawed states, the moisture content in the upper freeze-thaw zone in the frozen state is greater than that in the thawed state, while that in unfrozen zone in the frozen state is smaller than that in the thawed state. Within the region of the frost front, the water content in frozen state is smaller than that in thawed state. These findings help to study the freeze-thaw mechanisms deeply and perfect the forecasting module of moisture transferring in freeze-thaw cycles.     

Glacial paleoceanography off the mouth of the Mekong River, southern South China Sea, during the last 500 ka

We have analyzed core MD01-2392, ∼ 360 km east of the Mekong River mouth in the South China Sea (SCS). Over the past 500 ka, planktonic foraminiferal oxygen-isotopic values are consistently lighter than northern SCS and open-ocean records by up to 0.5‰, indicating the influence of run-off from the Mekong River during both glacial and interglacial periods. Carbonate content is higher during interglacials; sedimentation rates were higher during glacials. Increased sedimentation rates since 30 ka imply increased run-off during the last glacial maximum and Holocene Period. Contrary to general experience, in which it is classed as a warm species for temperature estimates, the thermocline-dwelling species Pulleniatina obliquiloculata increased its numbers during glacial periods. This implies an estuarine circulation and even brackish-water caps during glacial periods, reinforcing the sense of strong run-off. In an overall decline of warm water, the thermocline shoaled stepwise, with rapid rises across the glacial terminations. We infer that the southern SCS was opened to an influx of Indian Ocean waters through southern passages at those times of rising sea levels.     

洛川黄土剖面的粉砂与粘粒比值及粒度旋回

洛川黑木沟黄土剖面发育了一套完整的黄土地层。据剖面百余块标本粒度资料阐述了Kd=(粉砂(0.05-0.01mm％))/(粘粒(<0.005mm)％)的地质及物理意义。它反映了受风化的粉尘粒组与次生粒组之间的消长关系,Kd值变化既受风尘来源区干湿状况或生物气候条件的制约,又受风化成壤作用的制约。因此,Kd值可视为黄土、古土壤生成环境的一个指标。据Mφ(平均值)由粗到细的变化划为一个粒度旋回,全剖面共分11个旋回。每个旋回反映了一定的岩性地层组合及生物气候环境的变化。     

A preliminary study of carbon system in the East China Sea

In the central part of the East China Sea, the activity of CO₂ in the surface water and total carbonate, pH and alkalinity in the water column were determined in winter and autumn of 1993. The activity of CO₂ in the continental shelf water was about 50 ppm lower than that of surface air. This decrease corresponds to the absorption of about 40 gC/m²/yr of atmospheric CO₂ in the coastal zone or 1 GtC/yr in the global continental shelf, if this rate is applicable to entire coastal seas. The normalized total carbonate contents were higher in the water near the coast and near the bottom. This increase toward the bottom may be due to the organic matter deposited on the bottom. This conclusion is supported by the distribution of pH. The normalized alkalinity distribution also showed higher values in the near-coast water, but in the surface water, indicating the supply of bicarbonate from river water. The residence time of the East China Sea water, including the Yellow Sea water, has been calculated to be about 0.8 yr from the excess alkalinity and the alkalinity input. Using this residence time and the excess carbonate, we can estimate that the amount of dissolved carbonate transported from the coastal zone to the oceanic basin is about 70 gC/m²/yr or 2 GtC/yr/area-of-global-continental-shelf. This also means that the rivers transport carbon to the oceans at a rate of 30 gC/m²/yr of the coastal sea or 0.8 GtC/yr/ area-of-global shelf, the carbon consisting of dissolved inorganic carbonate and terrestrial organic carbon decomposed on the continental shelf.     

岩浆活动旋回与地球多层对流系统

从地球历史的节律角度讨论岩浆活动旋回。岩浆活动旋回可按时间与空间分出相互对应的不同尺度，进而可与深度尺度不同的地球多层对流系统相互对应，从而给予了岩浆活动旋回的动力学意义。岩浆活动的时间周期愈长，空间尺度亦愈大，需要的维持岩浆源存在的热能、挥发分供给的数量与深度亦愈大。     

岩相韵律数字化在旋回地层学研究中的应用——以我国西北新生代湖泊沉积为例

我国西北地区新生代广泛发育河湖相沉积, 表现为红色泥岩为主体、夹有绿色泥岩和石膏薄层的岩相韵律性变化, 目前已有多种古气候指标揭示千年至百万年尺度古环境、古气候演变规律。但是这些旋回地层剖面中红色泥岩和绿色泥岩(石膏)岩相韵律变化特征及其蕴含的轨道尺度湖泊水文演化并未受到广泛关注。本研究以天文解决方案的韵律化为基础, 在酒泉、西宁盆地新生代旋回地层中开展岩相韵律数字化研究, 明确了岩性等级和层偶指标所记录的地球轨道周期为相反相位, 暗示二者代表不同类型的古气候指标, 可能从不同方面记录了盆地水文循环和沉积过程。酒泉盆地中新世岩相韵律的等级和层偶指标共同记录了长偏心率和长斜率的地球轨道"节拍器"周期, 西宁盆地始新世岩相韵律的等级和层偶序列主要受偏心率周期驱动、单个红色泥岩-石膏层偶的沉积限时以12万年为显著周期。目前西北地区新生代地层学研究中已有高分辨率古气候指标的数据支撑, 然而岩相韵律数字化应该受到重视, 其保存的轨道周期和相位变化, 有助于深入理解从天文轨道驱动、古气候演化到沉积环境响应的关键过程。     

典型天然粗粒盐渍土盐胀微观机制分析

为研究经多次冻融循环后天然粗粒盐渍土的盐胀特性及盐胀机制,对取自甘肃河西走廊地区嘉安一级公路沿线的某天然料场的粗粒盐渍土进行了室内基本工程性质试验和大尺寸多次冻融循环盐胀模型试验,并对经过多次冻融循环试验以后的天然盐渍土进行水盐迁移及扫描电镜分析。试验结果表明,粗粒盐渍土在降温阶段土体产生盐胀后亦会出现下陷,最终土体溶陷量大于盐胀量,冻融循环次数的增加会使粗粒盐渍土大颗粒骨架塌陷破坏及一维土柱体从上而下表现出热筛效应;多次冻融循环后的水分盐分在粗粒土柱剖面中的迁移呈现出不完全对应的分布关系。     

两个冰期-间冰期旋回的黄土记录及其古气候意义

北京邻区枣沟、斋堂和赤峰黄土－古土壤剖面粒度和磁化率变化在幅度和相位上都有明显的差异。在两个冰期－间冰期旋回，磁化率记录具有冰量变化模式，而粒度记录具有轨道周期特点，粒度和磁化率之间的相位关系在从冰期向间冰期转换和冰期向间冰期过渡的过程中，既有滞后也有超前的表现，很难单纯以成土作用来解释。由于黄土粒度主要反映粉尘源区环境和古风场强度的变化，而磁化率主要记录的是沉积区的成壤作用，反映夏季风的强度变化，因此剖面粒度和磁化率变化的不协调说明古风场和粉尘源区变化与粉尘沉积区气候变化之间不统一。这可能意味着控制夏季风强度变化和控制冬季风强度变化的机制存在差异。     

变化中的地球所面临的挑战:全球变化的科学理解(英文)

简要介绍了变化中的地球所面临的挑战 ,并在描述地球系统科学近年来所取得成就的基础上给出了全球变化的科学理解。同时也简要介绍了世界正在面临的主要环境问题 ;描述了气候系统研究所达成的共识、面临的挑战及所取得的研究进展 ;并从大气、海洋和陆地间的CO2 交换、转换、不确定性等方面阐述了碳循环 ;然后 ,简单描述了全球水循环研究进展 ;最后 ,展望了在变化的地球中生存所要面临的挑战与机遇。