连云港海相软土不排水强度特征

连云港地区软土为碱性环境下沉积的非均质海积软土,软土抗剪强度具有固有各向异性。采用三轴不固结不排水剪切（UU）试验、无侧限抗压强度（UTC）试验、快剪试验和原位十字板剪切（FVT）试验4种方法,对连云港地区软土的不固结不排水抗剪强度特征进行了研究。结果表明：土体水平剪切面强度最低,竖直面抗剪强度最高;土体制样采用垂直方向的切取试样方式时,土体强度最高。根据三轴UU试验得出的黏聚强度和内摩擦角基于土体单元极限平衡理论恢复了土体剪切破坏时的应力状态,计算出土体实际抗剪强度。三轴UU试验得出的抗剪强度平均值约为13.13 kPa,试样破裂面与水平面的夹角在45.1°~45.7°区间最为集中。UTC试验测得的土体平均抗剪强度近似等于三轴UU试验测得的平均抗剪强度。FVT试验测得软土抗剪强度平均值为19.72 kPa,与三轴UU试验和UTC试验得出的抗剪强度平均值相比高了约6.60 kPa,这种现象与室内试验试样的机械扰动、土体应力状态改变和剪切面特征有关。     

巴东组紫红色泥岩三轴压缩试验及本构模型研究

采用MTS压力试验系统对巴东组紫红色泥岩进行了4个不同级别围压的三轴压缩试验和单轴试验。得到了巴东组紫红色泥岩在这5个围压下的全应力-应变曲线。根据试验结果,把全应力-应变曲线分为4个主要阶段,并分析了屈服强度、峰值强度、残余强度随围压的变化规律,结果表明,它们与围压成线性增大关系,满足库伦-莫尔强度准则。同时,根据试验曲线,利用双线性-线性软化-残余理想塑性模型来模拟巴东组紫红色泥岩,并给出了每一段的本构方程,确定了相关参数,可供类似的工程参考。     

Reconnaissance par sismique réfraction de la décompression et de l’instabilite des falaises vives du Bessin (Normandie,France)

Résumé

Les falaises normandes du Bessin (France) sont constituées par une succession de formations calcaires et marneuses. De nombreux mouvements de terrain, parfois de grande ampleur, affectent périodiquement ces falaises. La faible résistance mécanique des marnes, mise en évidence lors de l’étude du récent glissement du Bouffay de 1981, a dû être favorisée par un fluage associé à la décompression des calcaires sus-jacents suivant un type de déformation qui peut être observé dans un mouvement quaternaire fossilisé (vallon du Pisseau). Grâce à une reconnaissance systématique de la zone décomprimée par la petite sismique réfraction, des relations simples sont établies, permettant d’évaluer le volume décomprimé â partir des caractéristiques géométriques et lithologiques de la falaise. Ce volume semble définir l’enveloppe à l’intérieur de laquelle les mouvements sont susceptibles d’intervenir.     

固化淤泥压缩特性的试验研究

淤泥固化技术在国内已经进入到工程应用阶段,明确固化淤泥的压缩特性对于指导淤泥固化工程的设计具有重要意义。通过单因素试验方案对不同初始含水率、不同水泥添加量、不同养护龄期的固化淤泥的压缩特性进行了研究。结果发现,固化淤泥压缩特性的最大特点是存在固结屈服应力,当荷载小于固结屈服应力时固化淤泥的压缩性非常小,而固化淤泥屈服之后的压缩性是屈服前压缩性的20倍以上,并且远大于未处理淤泥的压缩特性。淤泥本身是高压缩性的土,固化处理以后变为中等压缩性和低压缩性的土体。固化淤泥的固结屈服应力随水泥量增加线性增大,龄期越长、含水率越低固结屈服应力越大。固化淤泥的这种在固结屈服应力处发生突变的压缩特性和天然沉积结构性土类似,可以用双对数压缩模式来表示固化淤泥的这种压缩特性。     

Proterozoic fluvial styles: response to changes in accommodation space (Rivieradal sandstones, eastern North Greenland)

Fluvial styles recorded by the uppermost part of the Neoproterozoic ‘Rivieradal sandstones' succession of eastern North Greenland reflect variations in rate of generated accommodation space and possibly climatic changes. Three facies associations, arranged in two genetic sequences, are recognised within the succession. The lower sequence initially records little available accommodation space. A high degree of reworking results in sheet-like, high-energy, bed-load-dominated, braided river deposits lacking recurrent facies patterns. As accommodation space increases upwards through the sequence, reduction in reworking is recorded by the development of fining- and thickening-upward muddy fluvial cycles. Evidence of desiccation or prolonged periods of drought are absent within the deposits and climate was probably relatively humid. Channel deposits in the lower sequence reflect mixed-load, braided fluvial systems with stable channel banks and floodplains, and the gradient appears to have been low to moderate. These features are generally considered favourable for the establishment of meandering river systems, but channels, nevertheless, retained an overall braided character and their deposits show no evidence of meandering. Despite indications of a climatic setting without significant periods of drought sediments indicate that large fluctuations in discharge occurred within the mixed-load streams and this is suggested to be the main cause for the absence of meandering. The swift and rather dramatic response of the fluvial systems to changes in precipitation, probably resulted from rapid runoff rates caused by the absence of vegetation. The upper sequence shows an initial return to shallow, sandy braided river deposition recording little available accommodation space. A subsequent increase in the rate of generated accommodation space is indicated by the presence of alternating sheet sandstones and sand-streaked mudstones with abundant desiccation cracks. The sheet sandstones show evidence of high-energy, unconfined ephemeral fluvial flash-flood deposition, while the mudstones are interpreted to represent muddy floodplain deposits. The change in fluvial style, combined with the widespread evidence of desiccation, suggest an evolution towards a more semi-arid climate in the upper sequence. This climatic change could account for the reduced clastic input seen in the overlying marine succession which culminated in carbonate platform deposition. The present study suggests that even under conditions considered favourable for the formation of meandering streams, these will rarely occur in Proterozoic deposits due to the lacking influence of vegetation. Although meandering deposits cannot be ruled out as having formed in pre-vegetational times, the conditions for their formation appear to have been even more restricted than previously realised.     

非饱和土增湿变形的实用计算方法

非饱和土力学研究目前还未进入实用阶段,主要原因在于吸力量测困难。本文提出了用等效吸力代替真实吸力的试验方法。首先以常规静三轴试验得到的原状饱和土以及非饱和土的应力-应变曲线为基础,根据变形等效的原则确定与某一饱和度相当的围压即为等效吸力;然后建立饱和度与等效吸力之间的非线性关系,并验证了该数学公式的正确性;再根据试验结果分析含水量对非饱和土强度的影响,建立了非饱和土的实用抗剪强度公式;最后按照邓肯-张模型的参数整理方法得到了不同饱和度非饱和土的模型参数,探索这些参数随饱和度的变化规律,建立了引入饱和度的非饱和黄土实用非线性模型,并进行了降雨入渗情况下非饱和土增湿变形的计算。结果表明,饱和度最大值为95%,等效吸力最大值为160 kPa,最大水平位移与竖向位移分别为0.6 cm和20.0 cm,均出现在浸水位置。计算结果合理地反映了非饱和土变形的分布趋势,验证了方法的合理性。     

绿泥石片岩各向异性特性研究

为研究十堰地区片岩的各向异性特性,开展了武当群绿泥石片岩长方体试样的单轴压缩和圆盘试样的间接拉伸试验,探讨了试样各向异性的力学特性和在不同受力状态下的变形破裂特性,揭示了不同变形破裂的力学机制。研究表明,武当群绿泥石片岩具有明显的各向异性性质,平行片理方向强度高,垂直片理方向强度低。该片岩特殊的定向排列片束状构造和片理间的弱胶结作用,致使不同方向上的破坏特征具有明显差异,其力学机制也不相同。在压应力作用下,泊松效应容易引起平行片理面的张拉劈裂和压杆失稳,垂直片理方向容易发生片理面间的剪切破坏。在同一方向上强度具有一致性,即平行片理面抗压和抗拉强度均较垂直片理面强度大。由于片理面间的抗拉承载力极低,在小角度劈裂荷载下,容易发生张拉劈裂和拉剪破坏,因此,实际工程中应尽可能避免片理面间的受拉破坏和沿片理的拉剪破坏。研究结果可以为隧道、边坡支护加固和防水处理提供参考。     

Seismic vulnerability evaluation of axially loaded steel built-up laced members Ⅱ： evaluations

The test results described in Part 1 of this paper （Lee and Bruneau, 2008） on twelve steel built-up laced members （BLMs） subjected to quasi-static loading are analyzed to provide better knowledge on their seismic behavior. Strength capacity of the BLM specimens is correlated with the strength predicted by the AISC LRFD Specifications. Assessments of hysteretic properties such as ductility capacity, energy dissipation capacity, and strength degradation after buckling of the specimen are performed. The compressive strength of BLMs is found to be relatively well predicted by the AISC LRFD Specifications. BLMs with smaller kl/r were ductile but failed to reach the target ductility of 3.0 before starting to fracture, while those with larger kl/r could meet the ductility demand in most cases. The normalized energy dissipation ratio, EC/ET and the normalized compressive strength degradation, Cr″/Cr of BLMs typically decrease as normalized displacements δ/δb,exp increase, and the ratios for specimens with larger kl/r dropped more rapidly than for specimens with smaller kl/r; similar trends were observed for the monolithic braces. The BLMs with a smaller slenderness ratio, kl/r, and width-to-thickness ratio, b/t, experienced a larger number of inelastic cycles than those with larger ratios.     

A Re-examination of Density Effects in Eddy Covariance Measurements of CO2 Fluxes

Corrections of density effects resulting from air-parcel expansion/compression are important in interpreting eddy covariance fluxes of water vapor and CO2 when open-path systems are used. To account for these effects, mean vertical velocity and perturbation of the density of dry air are two critical parameters in treating those physical processes responsible for density variations. Based on various underlying assumptions, different studies have obtained different formulas for the mean vertical velocity and perturbation of the density of dry air, leading to a number of approaches to correct density effects. In this study, we re-examine physical processes related to different assumptions that are made to formulate the density effects. Specifically, we re-examine the assumptions of a zero dry air flux and a zero moist air flux in the surface layer, used for treating density variations, and their implications for correcting density effects. It is found that physical processes in relation to the assumption of a zero dry air flux account for the influence of dry air expansion/compression on density variations. Meanwhile, physical processes in relation to the assumption of a zero moist air flux account for the influence of moist air expansion/compression on density variations. In this study, we also re-examine mixing ratio issues. Our results indicate that the assumption of a zero dry air flux favors the use of the mixing ratio relative to dry air, while the assumption of a zero moist air flux favors the use of the mixing ratio relative to the total moist air. Additionally, we compare different formula for the mean vertical velocity, generated by air-parcel expansion/compression, and for density effect corrections using eddy covariance data measured over three boreal ecosystems.     

地震供能、储能与放能机制的研究

“双向应变结构”是孕育和发生地震可能的供能、储能与放能的一种机制。它既能缓慢地储存弹性势能与重力势能而孕育地震,又能突然快速地释放弹性势能与重力势能而发生地震。由于地震发生时孕震体是(原应变的)应变逆转的自破裂过程,因此当初始破裂发生后,在破裂的前沿区,地震剪切应力在原有应力集中的基础上,还会再次产生一个突然快速增强(使破裂加速)到快速减弱(使破裂减速到停止)的过程,即产生“应变逆转破裂效应”。这样,不仅会大大增加地震破裂前沿区的剪切应力,而且还会大大减小破裂中的阻力,可能使地震发生中的断层强度佯谬得到解释。“双向应变结构”破裂发生地震的具体物理机制,印证了震源体断层运动的复杂性：既产生了剪切错动的破裂运动,又产生了单向的拉张与单向的压缩运动,同时还产生了整体的膨胀与整体的压缩运动。