��������ϵ��GNSS�����������ת�������о�

??GNSS??????????У??轫GNSS?????????????????????????????????????????GNSS???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????е???????????????????????е????λ???ó????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????о???GNSS????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????     

Strength and stiffness variation of frozen soilsaccording to confinement during freezing

When water between soil particles is frozen, the strength and stiffness behavior of soils significantly change. Thus, numerous experimental studies in the laboratory have been carried out to characterize the strength and stiffness of frozen soils. The goals of this study are to evaluate the strength characteristics of frozen soils, which underwent confinement in freezing and shearing stages, and to estimate the stiffness variation by shear wave velocity during shear phase. The specimens are prepared in a brass cell by mixing sand and silt with 10% degree of saturation at a relative density of 60%. The applied normal stresses as confining stresses are 5, 10, 25 and 50 k Pa. When the temperature of the specimens is lowered up to-5 °C, direct shear tests are carried out. Furthermore, shear waves are continuously measured through bender elements during shearing stage for the investigation of stiffness change. Test results show that shear strength and stiffness are significantly affected by the confining stress in freezing and shearing phases. This study suggests that the strength and stiffness of frozen soils may be dependent on the confining stresses applied during freezing and shearing.     

适用于栅格状孕镶金刚石钻头的胎体配方研究

为了提高钻进坚硬岩层的工作效率,将孕镶金刚石钻头胎体结构设计为栅格状,分析了栅格状孕镶金刚石钻头钻进岩层时的碎岩方式,并采用粉末冶金法制备Inconel 718和CoCrMo试样,通过分析不同烧结温度对两种胎体试样的硬度、耐磨性及抗弯强度的影响,确定了两种材料的最优烧结参数,并对其在该烧结温度下的力学性能进行对比分析。研究结果表明：Inconel 718和CoCrMo均具有较好的抗弯强度,满足钻进坚硬岩层对胎体抗弯强度的要求。Inconel 718的硬度比传统WC基胎体材料小,试样磨损量较大,适合用于地质灾害应急勘查等要求钻进速度快的极端情况;CoCrMo的硬度及耐磨性与传统WC基胎体接近,适合作为孕镶金刚石钻头的胎体材料。     

三维层状黏弹性半空间中球面SH、P和SV波源自由场

采用刚度矩阵方法结合Hankel积分变换,求解了层状黏弹性半空间中球面SH、P和SV波的自由波场.首先,在柱坐标系下建立层状黏弹性半空间的反轴对称(柱面SH波)和轴对称(柱面P-SV波)情况精确动力刚度矩阵.进而由Hankel变换将空间域内的球面波展开为波数域内柱面波的叠加,然后将球面波源所在层的上下端面固定,求得固定层内的动力响应和固定端面反力,将固端反力反向施加到层状黏弹性半空间上,采用直接刚度法求得固端反力的动力响应,叠加固定层内和固端反力动力响应,求得波数域内球面波源动力响应.最后由Hankel积分逆变换求得频率-空间域内球面波源自由场,时域结果由傅里叶逆变换求得.文中验证了方法的正确性,并以均匀半空间和基岩上单一土层中球面SH、P和SV波为例分别在频域和时域内进行了数值计算分析.研究表明基岩上单一土层中球面波自由场与均匀半空间情况有着本质差异;基岩上单一土层中球面波位移频谱峰值频率与场地固有频率相对应,基岩面的存在使得基岩上单一土层地表点的位移时程非常复杂,振动持续时间明显增长;阻尼的增大显著降低了动力响应的峰值,同时也显著减少了波在土层的往复次数.     

基于拟静力法的弹簧刚度计算方法讨论

本文讨论了拟静力法在动力状态下的地基基础协同分析中的应用,通过分析假定动力状态下岩土体的剪切模量和剪切应变的关系,将地震力转化为等效的惯性力系。对于不同类型的岩土体,剪切模量G和剪切应变Y的对应关系是有区别的,且地震过程是不可预知的,过程无法模拟。研究表明,采用线性方法简化地震力衰减过程,仍可以得到较准确的计算结果。本文还采用FLAC-3D软件对上述关系进行了模拟,通过工程实例计算验证其可行性,提供了一套在动力状态下计算弹簧刚度参数的方法。     

考虑力组合效应的钢框架端板连接力学行为

为研究不同力组合效应对平齐端板连接力学行为的影响,采用ABAQUS程序建立不同受力情况下连接的非线性简化有限元模型,通过与国内外典型试验结果对比分析,验证了有限元模型的可靠性。基于此通过考虑8种力组合因素的影响,分析了2种不同钢等级的梁柱节点力学行为,进一步讨论了EC3 Part 1-8规范的适用性。结果表明:简化有限元模型在弯矩-转角曲线、破坏形态、初始刚度和塑性抗力等方面与试验结果吻合良好。框架梁轴力对节点的力学行为影响显著,当轴拉力为20%的框架梁轴向塑性抗力N_pl时,高强钢节点的刚度和强度分别降低68%和52%;当轴压力为-20%N_pl时,刚度和强度分别增加89%和42%。此外节点的滞回耗能能力、破坏模式以及分类属性与梁轴力水平密切相关。对于高强钢梁柱平齐端板节点,EC3规范对框架梁轴压力的限值仍过于保守。研究结果对于提高结构的抗倒塌能力和组合力作用下的理论研究具有重要参考价值。     

基于梯度塑性理论的岩样在压剪条件下变形及稳定性分析

考虑了正应力及剪应力联合作用在岩样的端部,而且,在正应力被视为变量,剪应力被视为常量这一特殊条件下,对剪切带的变形特征及剪切带-带外弹性体系统的失稳判据进行了分析.根据剪切虎克定律及梯度塑性理论,提出了剪切带内部弹性应变、塑性应变及总应变的解析式,对上述三种应变进行积分,提出了剪切带错动弹性位移、塑性位移及总位移的解析式.利用压缩虎克定律及几何关系建立了剪切带外弹性体的刚度的表达式.根据刚度理论,建立了剪切带-带外弹性体系统的失稳判据.考虑岩样端面的剪切应力后,在流动剪切应力相同时,剪切带内部的弹性剪切应变(均匀分布)将增加;剪切带内部的塑性剪切应变(不均匀分布)将减小;剪切带的弹性剪切位移(线性分布)将增加;剪切带的塑性剪切位移(非线性分布)将减小;剪切带错动位移要小一些.另外,剪切应力对剪切带-带外弹性体系统的失稳判据没有影响.失稳判据仅和岩石的本构参数、剪切带倾角及结构尺寸有关.     

水平低周往复位移下单桩-土相互作用试验研究

整体式桥台无伸缩缝桥梁（以下简称整体桥）桩基应设计为柔性桩,以保证较好的抗水平变形能力。但是,我国相关规范中判别柔性桩的算法主要应用于单向水平受荷桩,可否沿用至整体桥桩基还有待验证。为此,根据一种特殊设计的桩身变形测量方法,对3根埋深不同的混凝土模型桩进行了低周水平往复位移下的拟静力试验,研究单桩-土体系的抗震性能和相互作用机制。研究表明,水平往复位移下混凝土桩在埋深为3D～6D（D为桩径）范围内开裂;桩的埋深越大,桩身挠曲程度越大、变形特征点位置也越深、桩-土体系的抗弯刚度也越大、水平极限承载力也越高、抗震性能也越强。研究还表明,桩-土体系进入弹塑性阶段后,柔性桩的水平工作性状将逐渐向刚性桩退化。另外,在判别整体桥桩基的水平工作性状时,我国相关规范中的规定偏不安全。实际工程中,建议以Broms方法进行参考计算。     

Implementation of configuration dependent stiffness proportional damping for the dynamics of rigid multi-block systems

The distinct element method (DEM) has been used successfully for the dynamic analysis of rigid block systems. One of many difficulties associated with DEM is modeling of damping. In this paper, new procedures are proposed for the damping modeling and its numerical implementation in distinct element analysis of rigid multi-block systems. The stiffness proportional damping is constructed for the prescribed damping ratio, based on the non-zero fundamental frequency effective during the time interval while the boundary conditions remain essentially constant. At this time interval, the fundamental frequency can be estimated without complete eigenvalue analysis. The damping coefficients will vary while the damping ratio remains the same throughout the entire analysis. A new numerical procedure is developed to prevent unnecessary energy loss that can occur during the separation phases. These procedures were implemented in the development of the distinct element method for the dynamic analyses of piled multi-block systems. The analysis results for the single-block and two-block systems were in a good agreement with the analytic predictions. Applications to the seismic analyses of piled fourblock systems revealed that the new procedures can make a significant difference and may lead to much-improved results.     

Visualization of material stiffness in geomechanics analysis

This paper presents novel visualization techniques to simplify representation of the fourth‐order material stiffness tensor as a set of three‐dimensional geometric objects. Stiffness visualization aids in understanding the complex stiffness characteristics of highly non‐linear constitutive models including modelled material anisotropy and loading path dependent stiffness variation. Stiffness visualization is relevant for understanding the relationship of material stiffness to global behaviour in the analysis of a boundary value problem. The spherical pulse stiffness visualization method, developed in the acoustics field, is extended to visualize stiffness of geomaterials using three three‐dimensional objects. This method is limited to relatively simple constitutive models with symmetric stiffness matrices insensitive to loading magnitude and direction. A strain dependent stiffness visualization method is developed that allows the examination of material stiffness for a range of loading directions and is suitable for highly non‐linear and path dependent material models. The proposed stiffness visualization can be represented as 3‐D, 2‐D and 1‐D objects. The visualization technique is used to represent material stiffness and its evolution during simulated soil laboratory tests and deep excavation construction. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.