A tool to estimate the Fermi Large Area Telescope background for short-duration observations

The proper estimation of the background is a crucial component of data analyses in astrophysics, such as source detection, temporal studies, spectroscopy, and localization. For the case of the Large Area Telescope (LAT) on board the Fermi spacecraft, approaches to estimate the background for short (≲1000 s duration) observations fail if they ignore the strong dependence of the LAT background on the continuously changing observational conditions. We present a (to be) publicly available background-estimation tool created and used by the LAT Collaboration in several analyses of Gamma Ray Bursts. This tool can accurately estimate the expected LAT background for any observational conditions, including, for example, observations with rapid variations of the Fermi spacecraft’s orientation occurring during automatic repointings.     

Description of the larval development of Galaxies maculatus in landlocked lentic and lotic systems in Western Australia

The larvae and larval development of Galaxias maculatus are described from a freshwater lake and a saline river in southwestern Western Australia. The size at hatching (7.0 mm total length) was similar to that recorded elsewhere for G. maculatus and the sequence of fin development (i.e., caudal, dorsal, anal, pectoral, and pelvic fins) was identical to that recorded for galaxiids generally. There were relative increases in the proportions of head length and body depth with larval growth and a decrease in proportion of pre‐anal length. Larvae from river habitats were smaller throughout larval stages of development than those from the lake. Fins of riverine fish began and completed development at a smaller size of fish than the lacustrine population, presumably as a response to the need for great motility at a smaller fish size in lotic environments.     

GRBs on probation: Testing the UHE CR paradigm with IceCube

Gamma ray burst (GRB) fireballs provide one of very few astrophysical environments where one can contemplate the acceleration of cosmic rays to energies that exceed 10²⁰ eV. The assumption that GRBs are the sources of the observed cosmic rays generates a calculable flux of neutrinos produced when the protons interact with fireball photons. With data taken during construction IceCube has already reached a sensitivity to observe neutrinos produced in temporal coincidence with individual GRBs provided that they are the sources of the observed extra-galactic cosmic rays. We here point out that the GRB origin of cosmic rays is also challenged by the IceCube upper limit on a possible diffuse flux of cosmic neutrinos which should not be exceeded by the flux produced by all GRB over Hubble time. Our alternative approach has the advantage of directly relating the diffuse flux produced by all GRBs to measurements of the cosmic ray flux. It also generates both the neutrino flux produced by the sources and the associated cosmogenic neutrino flux in a synergetic way.     

一种绢云母样品的综合鉴定分析

运用X射线衍射、差热分析以及扫描电子显微镜等现代分析测试技术，对某地绢云母矿样品进行了综合分析，查明了该样品中矿物组成；证明样品中的粘土矿物成分是绢云母，而不是伊利石，为更好地对该绢云母资源进行开发利用提供了可靠的依据。     

珊瑚的影像密度恢复南海海表温度

将南海西沙永兴岛 ( 1 6°50′N,1 1 2°2 0′E)西北的造礁珊瑚的岩芯 ,制成 X射线负片。用显微光密度计在 X射线负片上获得沿生长轴方向的影像密度值 ,时间序列为 1 937～ 1 993年。根据影像密度数据 ,计算出珊瑚的各年生长率和钙化率的代用指标。珊瑚生长率和钙化率的代用指标都与 SST呈显著正相关。根据 1 960～ 1 993年的资料统计 ,相关系数分别是 0 .91和 0 .85,从而建立了珊瑚生长率温度计和钙化率代用指标温度计。并用这两个温度计测算到 1 937年 ,揭示出南海的 SST变化既受到全球气候环境变化为主的影响 ,也受到半封闭海域格局的影响     

绳索取心钻杆折断事故的原因、预防与处理措施

针对地质钻探中时常发生的钻杆折断事故,本文从钻杆材质与加工、复杂地层条件、钻孔弯曲等方面分析了导致绳索取心钻杆折断的主要因素,并从钻杆材质优选、钻杆加工工艺和热处理工艺、螺纹结构优化和精细处理、钻孔结构与钻具级配优化、护壁堵漏技术、现场操作规程等方面总结了相应的预防措施,建议通过数值模拟优化钻具级配和钻进规程参数,加强钻杆腐蚀缺陷、裂纹等的探伤检测,以提高整个钻探体系的可靠性。     

含Mg矿物和玻璃中Mg的局部结构研究

本文用同步辐射的MgK-边X射线近边结构谱(XANES)研究了9种含Mg矿物的MgK-边特征谱,其谱的能量位置随着配位数的增加而增大;建立了含Mg矿物中Mgk-边的能量与Mg-O键距的关系CaMgSi2O6(Di)-NaAlSi3O8(Ab)玻璃中MgK-边XANES的能量和Mg-O的键长的关系.在Di-Ab玻璃中的Mg-O键距是0.2±0.004nm.表明本方法可以作为研究含Mg矿物Mg的配位与局部结构新的结构探针.     

潍北凹陷孔店组二段含页岩气层矿物特征及其意义——以昌页参1井为例

运用X射线衍射技术,对潍北凹陷昌页参1井孔店组二段泥(页)岩岩芯样品进行了分析。结果表明,孔店组二段泥(页)岩中矿物主要有：黏土矿物、石英、方解石,平均含量分别为517%、293%、96%;还有长石及少量白云石、黄铁矿等矿物。该矿物组成反映出孔店组二段属潮湿气候条件下的深湖 半深湖相沉积环境,为页岩气藏的形成与储存提供了一定的沉积条件;黏土矿物特征反映出孔店组有机质演化进入成熟—高成熟阶段,具有页岩气形成的成熟度条件。孔店组二段两层含页岩气岩层厚分别为6048m、6809m,伊利石和绿泥石含量低、相应孔隙率高且颗粒状矿物(石英+方解石)含量多在30%～50%之间,是较理想的页岩气重点勘探开发层位。     

地质样品痕量氯溴和硫的X射线荧光光谱法测定

报道了粉末压样－X射线荧光光谱法测定地质样品中痕量Cl、Br、S的分析方法。采用水系沉积物、岩石和土壤等国家一级标准物质进行校准。实验表明，对于不同岩性样品中Br的分析，特别是当Br的含量低于2μg/g时，采用谱峰强度（未扣除背景）与背景强度的比进行校准所得到的结果，明显优于铑靶线的Compton散射线内标法，分析精度（RSD,n=6)为2.4%-15.3%，大多数优于10％；平均值的相对误差低于24％。对于Cl的分析，只需对Ca的影响加以校正即可得到非常好的结果；不同样品中Cl的分析精度（RSD，n=6)为2.1%-13.6%，大多数优于5％；平均值的相对误差不大于25％，多数优于10％。S的校准曲线的离散性较大，矿物学效应是影响S分析准确度的主要因素，其分析精度（RSD,n=6)为0.87%-5.6%，除个别样品外，平均值的相对误差优于36％。Cl和S均存在分析结果随测量时间（次数）的增加而增高的现象，必须在制样后立即测量。方法的检出限（μg/g)Br、Cl、S分别为0．43、5．8和2．2。     

Noble gases,nitrogen and cosmic ray exposure age of the Sulagiri chondrite

The Sulagiri meteorite fell in India on 12 September 2008,LL6 chondrite class is the largest among all the Indian meteorites.Isotopic compositions of noble gases(He,Ne,Ar,Kr and Xe) and nitrogen in the Sulagiri meteorite and cosmic ray exposure history are discussed.Low cosmogenic(~(22)Ne/~(21)Ne)_c ratio is consistent with irradiation in a large body.Cosmogenic noble gases indicate that Sulagiri has a 4πcosmic-ray exposure(CRE) age of 27.9 ± 3.4 Ma and is a member of the peak of CRE age distribution of IX chondrites.Radiogenic ~4He and ~(40)Ar concentrations in Sulagiri yields the radiogenic ages as 2.29 and4.56 Ca,indicating the loss of He from the meteorite.Xenon and krypton are mixture of Q and spallogenic components.