Water and power networks and urban fragmentation in Los Angeles: Rethinking assumed mechanisms

Los Angeles is often described as the epitome of urban fragmentation, a notion which in this context is frequently connected to, or even conflated with urban sprawl. At the same time, the city features integrated water and power networks which have been under public ownership for over 70 years. We thus have an apparent paradox in the context of the debate on ‘splintering urbanism’, between socio-spatial fragmentation and the integration of networks. In discussing the idea that deregulation of infrastructural networks exacerbates urban fragmentation, the authors use the case of Los Angeles in order to highlight the central role of private interests in management decisions concerning infrastructure networks. The authors carry out their analysis in an historical perspective, revealing that network integration and universal access can often serve private interests more than the public good. Urban fragmentation in Los Angeles, they conclude, is the result of a complex process of instrumentalisation of network development and management.     

滑坡碎屑化运动物理模型相似材料特性研究

高速远程滑坡物理模型试验中,岩石相似材料的选择是模型试验成功的关键,然而目前滑坡相似材料强度高、难以在缩尺试验中模拟滑坡破碎过程。以重晶石、石英砂为骨料,石膏为胶结剂,羧甲基纤维素钠、甘油、水作为辅助材料,进行可破碎岩石相似材料的配比试验。采用控制变量法研究重晶石与石英砂比例（重石比）、骨料与胶结物比例（骨胶比）、羧甲基纤维素钠含量、拌合水量、甘油含量对相似材料物理力学性质的影响。试验结果表明：所有配比情况下各相似材料物理力学参数的范围分别为单轴抗压强度为0.12～1.47 MPa,弹性模量为25.51～148.12 MPa,黏聚力为1.63～87.39 kPa,内摩擦角为22.70°～35.89°,脆性指标主要分布在0.033～0.145之间;重石比主要控制岩石相似材料的内摩擦角;骨胶比减小,对应的黏聚力和内摩擦角先增大后减小;羧甲基纤维素钠对材料的单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、黏聚力等材料的力学特性以及材料的脆性指标影响均比较大,其中对单轴抗压强度的影响最大。因此,控制羧甲基纤维素钠和拌合水量的含量,并合理调节重石比与骨胶比,在相似比约为1∶600的试验尺度下,最终确定了适用于高速远程滑坡碎屑化过程模拟的低强度高脆性岩石相似材料的配比区间。     

高密度电法三电位电极系装置勘察适用性研究

为了对比分析高密度电法三电位电极系α、β和γ排列针对工程中常见的基岩面、充水断层以及充填型地下空洞等类型地质体适用性的差异,首先建立相关地电模型进行正演模拟计算,并对计算电阻率进行加噪二维反演,再以工程应用实例进行验证和进一步讨论。正演与实例对比结果表明:β排列在地形等干扰条件较小时对充水断层以及充填型地下空洞分辨能力较强;α排列为基岩面探测最理想装置,而当存在一定地形等干扰条件时,α、γ排列应分别为地下空洞和近直立断层勘探的最佳装置。     

Application of Air Decks in Production Blasting to Improve Fragmentation and Economics of an Open Pit Mine

In blasting with air decks, repeated oscillation of shock waves within the air gap increases the time over which it acts on the surrounding rock mass by a factor at between 2 and 5. The ultimate effect lies in increasing the crack network in the surrounding rock and reducing the burden movement. Trials of air deck blasting in the structurally unfavourable footwall side of an open pit manganese mine has resulted in substantial improvements in fragmentation and blast economics. Better fragmentation resulted in improved shovel loading efficiency by 50–60%. Secondary blasting was almost eliminated. Use of ANFO explosive with this technique reduced explosive cost by 31.6%. Other benefits included reductions in overbreak, throw and ground vibration of the order of 60–70, 65–85 and 44% respectively. This paper reviews the theory of air deck blasting and describes in detail the air deck blast trials conducted in a manganese open pit mine in India. The blast performance data have been analysed to evaluate the benefits of air decking over conventional blasting.     

郑州市地面沉降监测基岩标施工技术

根据区域地质条件,郑州市地面沉降监测网基岩标建标场地选择在淮河西路与西三环交叉口东南600 m的河南省地质环境监测院内,建标深度为732 m。地质鉴别孔孔深780 m,孔径108 mm,全孔取心钻进,施工的重点是保证岩心采取率,采用泥浆护壁回转钻进,根据钻进层位的岩性不同配置不同特性的泥浆;基岩标标孔孔深780 m,孔径311 mm,施工的控制目标是孔身质量和垂直度。采用三牙轮钻头宝塔式钻具组合不取心钻进施工工艺。取得了较好的施工质量,创造了良好的效益。     

祁连山北部基岩河道宽度对构造和岩性的响应

活动造山带基岩河流地貌研究,目前已成为构造地貌学研究的前沿和热点。河道宽度形态的调整变化是基岩河流响应构造、岩性和气候等扰动的重要方式之一。通过研究祁连山北部地区6个重点流域基岩河道的宽度形态发现：河道宽度总体上呈现出东西向和南北向的变化特征,河道向下游增宽的速率,东段地区显著高于中段地区,低山带显著高于高山带;对比河道宽度的变化特征与构造抬升速率及岩性抗蚀性的变化,可以推断：在祁连山北部地区,基岩河道宽度响应构造抬升和岩性抗蚀性的变化进行了系统地调整,构造抬升控制了流域河道宽度变化的总体趋势,而岩性抗蚀性变化则导致了流域内部局部河段河道宽度的大幅波动。在祁连山北部地区开展的基岩河道宽度形态研究,为利用基岩河道形态研究造山带的构造变形奠定了基础,对于探索构造抬升背景下地貌的发育过程具有十分重要的意义。

     

基岩水的壁间运动及基本特征

本文通过对基岩水与孔隙水的比较分析，介绍了基岩水的分布、水动力学和水化学特征，指出了基岩水运动具有均位趋势、选择流动及汇流特性，得出了渗流理论不宜用于基岩水的结论。     

非传统钻进方法热能碎岩的原理及其初步实践

提出了一种非传统的利用热能破碎岩石的新型钻进方法,包括热力钻进法,热熔岩石钻 和超高频电加热－机械切割组合钻进法,介绍了其碎岩机理,适用范围,初步应用情况及前景。     

Curve-Fitting Schemes for Fragmentation Data

Fragmentation measurements in the form of sieve passing and mass fraction data were used to test the capability of three different distributions to fit the observed data over a wide range in fragment size and mass. These distributions were based on Rosin-Rammler, lognormal and simple sigmoidal (S-shaped) functions, having 2 input parameters for the single-component versions and 5 input parameters for the two-component versions. Provided convergence was achieved in the non-linear curve-fitting technique, the two-component versions always provided superior fits to the observed data. However, these versions were very sensitive to variations in the values chosen for the input parameters. In this particular regard, the two-component sigmoidal function was the most robust. The present results also show that the two-component lognormal function provided the best fit to the fragmentation data in a general sense, and the two-component Rosin-Rammler function provided the worst fit. However, there was not a significant difference between any of the three methods.     

A conceptual model of valley incision, planation and terrace formation during cold and arid permafrost conditions of Pleistocene southern England

Staircases of gravelly river terrace deposits in southern England occupy valleys typically underlain by frost-susceptible and brecciated bedrocks. The valleys developed during the Quaternary by alternating episodes of (1) brecciation, incision and planation through the bedrock, forming wide low-relief erosion surfaces; and (2) aggradation in braidplains of gravel a few meters thick that bury the erosion surfaces. A conceptual model to account for some of the terraces proposes that brecciation resulted from ice segregation in the ice-rich layer in the upper meters of Pleistocene permafrost, making them vulnerable to fluvial thermal erosion and therefore predisposing the bedrock to planation. The low gradients of the valleys were adjusted such that rivers transferred fine materials out of the basins but lacked the competence to remove gravel, which therefore accumulated within floodplains. The model challenges the prevailing view of incision during climate transitions. It attributes incision and planation to very cold and arid permafrost conditions, when rivers had limited discharges and hillslopes supplied limited volumes of stony debris into valley bottoms.