Dynamic programming with colour graphics smoothing for open-pit design on a personal computer

Summary Dynamic programming is a technique which has been used to design the optimum final surface mining pit limit. In using dynamic programming there is a trade-off: if the geometric constraints are specified too strictly, the pit limit will not be the optimum, but if they are specified more loosely, then the computed pit contours must be smoothed. The smoothing process has usually been manual and is time consuming. In this paper a colour graphics computer routine is presented. This not only facilitates the smoothing but also has the following benefits: open-pit limits can be designed interactively on a personal computer; pit designs that are closer to the economic optimum can be obtained; and the engineer can bring his or her own experience and intuition to bear on the final open-pit design.     

北极地区斯匹次卑尔根岛的构造演变

斯匹次卑尔根岛是斯瓦尔巴特群岛中最大的岛屿,具有较全的地质时代记录、反映多次构造运动的构造现象。本文从构造组合的观点,对斯匹次卑尔根岛的构造划分为东西向、南北向、北北西向三组方向,它们反映了本区自元古代以来至少经历了三次不同方向的构造应力场作用。     

Instability model for recurring large and great earthquakes in southern California

The locked section of the San Andreas fault in southern California has experienced a number of large and great earthquakes in the past, and thus is expected to have more in the future. To estimate the location, time, and slip of the next few earthquakes, an earthquake instability model is formulated. The model is similar to one recently developed for moderate earthquakes on the San Andreas fault near Parkfield, California. In both models, unstable faulting (the earthquake analog) is caused by failure of all or part of a patch of brittle, strain-softening fault zone. In the present model the patch extends downward from the ground surface to about 12 km depth, and extends 500 km along strike from Parkfield to the Salton Sea. The variation of patch strength along strike is adjusted by trial until the computed sequence of instabilities matches the sequence of large and great earthquakes sincea.d. 1080 reported by Sieh and others. The last earthquake was theM=8.3 Ft. Tejon event in 1857. The resulting strength variation has five contiguous sections of alternately low and high strength. From north to south, the approximate locations of the sections are: (1) Parkfield to Bitterwater Valley, (2) Bitterwater Valley to Lake Hughes, (3) Lake Hughes to San Bernardino, (4) San Bernardino to Palm Springs, and (5) Palm Springs to the Salton Sea. Sections 1, 3, and 5 have strengths between 53 and 88 bars; sections 2 and 4 have strengths between 164 and 193 bars. Patch section ends and unstable rupture ends usually coincide, although one or more adjacent patch sections may fail unstably at once. The model predicts that the next sections of the fault to slip unstably will be 1, 3, and 5; the order and dates depend on the assumed length of an earthquake rupture in about 1700.     

Anomalous hydrogen emissions from the San Andreas fault observed at the Cienega Winery,central California

We began continuous monitoring of H₂ concentration in soil along the San Andreas and Calaveras faults in central California in December 1980, using small H₂/O₂ fuel-cell sensors. Ten monitoring stations deployed to date have shown that anomalous H₂ emissions take place occasionally in addition to diurnal changes. Among the ten sites, the Cienega Winery site has produced data that are characterized by very small diurnal changes, a stable baseline, and remarkably distinct spike-like H₂ anomalies since its installation in July 1982. A major peak appeared on 1–10 November 1982, and another on 3 April 1983, and a medium peak on 1 November 1983. The occurrences of these peaks coincided with periods of very low seismicity within a radius of 50 km from the site. In order to methodically assess how these peaks are related to earthquakes, three H₂ degassing models were examined. A plausible correlational pattern was obtained by using a model that (1) adopts a hemicircular spreading pattern of H₂ along an incipient fracture plane from the hypocenter of an earthquake, (2) relies on the FeO–H₂O reaction for H₂ generation, and (3) relates the accumulated amount of H₂ to the mass of serpentinization of underlying ophiolitic rocks; the mass was tentatively assumed to be proportional to the seismic energy of the earthquake.     

从模拟实验的结果看底辟发育的力学机制

底辟构造在我国东部沉积盆地中有广泛的分布,并蕴藏有丰富的油气资源。作者模拟了隐刺穿构造的发育过程及其变形特征,从而分析底辟发育的力学机制。实验结果表明,底辟的形成时间和底辟核的形态对底辟变形有重大影响。绝大多数隐刺穿构造。在其顶部都发育一个地堑断裂系,这是底辟构造的共同特征。     

Physics of fracturing and seismic energy release: A review

This review was prepared as an opening lecture for the International Symposium on Physics of Fracturing and Seismic Energy Release, held at the Castle of Liblice near Prague from October 28 to November 1, 1985, and organized by the Geophysical Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. The review attempts to classify and synthesize results of recent studies in fracture mechanics and earthquake source physics. The following topics are discussed: recent developments in fracture mechanics, earthquake source modeling, heterogeneous fault planes, foreshocks and aftershocks, faults and fractals, and moment tensor solutions. This rather broad range of topics prevents presentation of a complete list of all relevant works, though over one hundred and seventy references are cited.     

郯庐断裂带的演化与古应力场

通过系统研究郯庐断裂带两盘的构造形变和应力场，再配合断理解带内部构造研究，分析了断裂带的形成和演化过程。结果表明，断裂带经历了一次以走滑为主、两次以正断层活动为主、三次以逆断层活动为主的断裂活动，使断裂带内部结构异常复杂，形成反转构造，构成中国东部大型断裂带具有普遍意义的活动特征。     

甘肃古浪、景泰活断层上的树木地震学研究

在树木地震学测年技术研究的基础上，沿古浪活断层西段鉴定和评价了数百棵树。对树木生长速率及年轮比率低值偏离的３种类型进行了有效的识别。结果表明：断崖上被破坏的青海云杉中，记录的结构和生长速率异常，可以归因于１９２７年５月２３日古浪８级大地震的影响。从而为古浪地震断层的判定提供了准确的年代证据。并将前人认为的古浪地震断层位置向冷龙岭北麓南移了３０余公里。用该方法在老虎山活断层上对１８８８年１１月２日景秦６１／４级地震破裂带定年，再次获得成效     

逆断裂在浅部松散层中的破裂传播方式

根据实际资料分析研究，逆断裂破裂位错向上传播至松散层中有４种消减形式：端部分叉、从断裂向褶皱转换、破裂在松散层中的吸收与尖灭及逆断层前方碎砾物质的扰动变形等。端部分叉与扰动变形的消减可能与突发性位错相关；上覆层的褶皱及位错在松散层中的尖灭则多属弹－塑转换型的消减方式     

青藏高原内陆水系冰川粒雪线与中值高度趋势面的绘制与主要特征

本选用中国冰川目录数据库中的青藏高原内陆水系冰川粒雪线、中值高度和地理坐标资料，利用计算机绘图方法，绘制出冰川粒支线、中值高度在空间的变化趋势，以便全面认识该地区的冰川发育特征。