悬臂-拉裂式崩塌破坏机制研究

悬臂-拉裂式崩塌是崩塌类型中较为常见的一种,常发育于近水平层状的陡峻岩质边坡,在我国的西南和西北山区以及三峡库区,该类危岩体的数量多且崩塌发生频率高。调查研究表明,差异风化剥蚀、河流侧蚀、海水浪蚀、碳酸盐溶蚀等作用是岩质边坡产生凹进岩腔和凸出悬臂的外动力地质作用。在调查基础上,概化出厚层硬岩夹薄层软岩和薄层硬岩夹软岩两种悬臂梁崩塌破坏模式。根据悬臂梁最大弯曲应力计算理论,推导出岩腔极限深度计算公式,并结合岩石风化剥蚀速率,对悬臂梁危岩体产生破坏的时间进行了预测。通过岩腔极限深度计算公式的分析和悬臂梁崩塌野外调查结果,均表明岩腔极限深度与悬臂岩体厚度成正相关,而与顶部裂缝深度比成负相关。根据最大拉应力-抗拉强度比值分析法,推导出悬臂梁危岩体稳定系数计算公式,并给出其稳定性评价标准。通过典型算例,对文中方法的正确性进行检验,结果表明该方法具有公式简单和计算可靠等优点。     

加筋材料动态松弛有限元模型的建立及应用

为分析加筋材料的抗弯刚度对加筋性能的影响,加筋材料采用梁单元形式。基于动态松弛法,通过定义梁单元的刚度矩阵,求解内力矢量,随后定义虚拟质量密度而建立总质量矩阵,将加筋材料的梁单元有限元模型嵌入到已有的动态松弛法求解程序中。通过对简支梁的简单加载模拟验证了该梁单元模型的准确性能。随后,将该有限元模型与已有的动态松弛法计算程序结合（含砂土本构及弱面单元模型）,对加筋砂土地基室内模型试验进行了数值模拟。将梁单元的模拟结果与杆单元（梁单元的特例）模拟结果进行了比较,并分别探讨了抗拉刚度和抗弯刚度对加筋砂土地基承载性能的影响。结果表明：抗拉刚度对承载能力的影响较小;抗弯刚度对承载力的影响程度与加筋材料的布置形式有关,特别是当加筋砂土中出现剪切带以后,其影响逐渐增大。因此,在分析加筋砂土结构的增强机制时,建议采用梁单元（具有一定的抗弯刚度）对加筋材料进行模拟。     

复杂地表条件下保幅高斯束偏移

高斯束偏移是一种准确、灵活、高效的深度域成像方法,其不但具有接近于波动方程偏移的成像精度,还保留了Kirchhoff偏移灵活、高效的特点以及对复杂地表条件良好的适应性.本文提出了一种适用于复杂地表条件的且具有相对振幅保持特点的高斯束偏移方法.通过考虑地表高程、倾角以及实际的道间距等信息,推导了基于高斯束表示的波场反向延拓公式,并结合反褶积成像条件,得到了复杂地表条件下的共炮域保幅高斯束偏移公式.同原有方法相比,本文方法不但可以直接在起伏的地表面进行局部平面波的分解,具有更高的成像精度,而且可以得到反映地下随角度变化反射系数的成像结果.数值模型的试算验证了上述结论.     

Seismic capacity of retrofitted beam–column connections in high‐rise steel frames when subjected to long‐period ground motions

The seismic capacity of beam‐to‐column connections in steel high‐rise frames is a matter of concern, particularly when they are subjected to long‐period ground motions. A previous full‐scale shaking table test conducted at the E‐Defense National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention in Japan disclosed cracks and fractures in such beam‐to‐column connections. This paper examines the effects of three types of beam‐to‐column connection retrofit: supplemental welds, wing plates, and a haunch. Quasi‐static member tests and a series of shaking table tests applied to a full‐scale specimen are conducted to quantify the respective performances of the retrofit schemes. The performance of a total of 28 connections tested by the member and shaking table tests is evaluated together with that of an additional 12 unretrofitted connections tested in the previous test. When the supplemental welds are applied only to the shear tab to the web, the connection fractures at the same instant as the connection without retrofit. The corresponding cumulative plastic rotation is not improved. When the supplement welds are further applied to the web‐to‐column connection, strain concentration at the bottom flange, primarily promoted by the presence of the RC floor slab, is significantly reduced, and the cumulative plastic rotation capacity is increased to eight times that of the connection without retrofit. For the wing plate connection and haunch connection, the critical section is moved from the beam end to the beam cross‐section corresponding to the tip of the wing plates or haunch, resulting in an improvement of ductility by eight times that of the unretrofitted connection. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An efficient approach for frequency-domain and time-domain hydrodynamic analysis of dam–reservoir systems

An efficient procedure is developed for the hydrodynamic analysis of dam–reservoir systems. The governing equations of hydrodynamic pressure in the frequency as well as time domain are derived in the framework of the scaled boundary finite element method. The water compressibility and absorption of reservoir sediments can be conveniently taken into consideration. By extending the reservoir to infinity with uniform cross-section, only the dam–reservoir interface needs to be discretized to model the fluid domain, and the hydrodynamic pressure in the stream direction is solved analytically. Several numerical examples including a gravity dam with an inclined upstream face and an arch dam with a reservoir of arbitrary cross-section are provided to demonstrate the computational efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Linear monitoring for cast-in-place reinforced concrete arch bridge construction

Linear monitoring is an important link of bridge construction control,which is conducted in key processes of construction to ensure the security of bridge in construction procedure. Combining with main arch construction monitoring program of No. 2 bridge in north district of Changbai international tourism resort,main content and key technologies are recommended. Considering the various influential factors during the construction process,linear adjustment is handled to ensure that the stress and linear of main arch meet design requirements.     

火灾高温作用下波纹腹板钢梁剪切屈曲系数研究

波纹腹板钢梁具有优良的抗剪切性能,在常温条件下,它的剪切屈曲模式通常有3种：局部剪切屈曲、总体剪切屈曲和相关剪切屈曲。根据火灾燃烧不同时刻波纹腹板钢梁的温度变化,考虑火灾高温对结构钢材料性能的影响,研究了波纹腹板钢梁在火灾高温作用下的3种剪切屈服模式,给出了高温下波纹腹板钢梁临界剪切屈曲应力和剪切屈曲系数的计算表达式,分析了其随火灾温度的变化趋势,提出在进行火灾高温作用下的波纹腹板钢梁的力学性能分析时,应首先根据钢梁剪切屈曲系数的变化,准确判断其在火灾燃烧不同阶段所处的受力状态,从而使火灾高温下波纹腹板钢梁的受力分析更加精确合理。     

64层锥束CT扫描的优化系统

近年来X射线断层成像(CT)技术获得了突飞猛进的发展,自1998年推出4层螺旋CT后,CT扫描设备在容积覆盖,空间分辨率,扫描速度,切片数方面取得了长足进展.这不仅给医学应用带来了深远的影响,同时也给CT系统设计提出了巨大的挑战.容积CT(VCT)的设计过程引入了各种策略来战胜其复杂性.这些方法学包括:理论分析,系统性能预测的图像分析工具,各种基于专家背对背评价的参数优化.本文论述了64层CT系统设计中的一些考虑因素及优化过程.这些设计过程保证了锥束CT的优化性能.首批客户的应用反馈显示了我们设计实践的有效率性.     

小目标激光测距仪最佳发散角选取的改进方法

讨论了激光测距仪测距本领的限制因素,找出了诸多限制因素的内在联系,得出了影响测距能力的关键因素是目标的照明概率.在前人已有的对激光测距仪最佳发散角的选取方法基础上,对其进行了改进.新得到的方法在选取最佳发散角时具有快速、简洁和精确度高等特点,并利用多项式拟合对其进行了简化,使其可用于粗略估算.最后,利用数值模拟对新方法进行了验证分析.     

Statistical Evaluation of the Jason-1 Operational Sensor Data Record Special Issue: Jason-1 Calibration/Validation

The Jason-1 satellite altimeter mission represents a first step towards operational oceanography from satellite altimeter missions. An operational data product, the Operational Sensor Data Record (OSDR), provides measurements from the on-board altimeter and radiometer within 3–5 h of real time. This data product is a wind and wave product that is aimed towards near-real–time meteorological applications. A higher accuracy and more detailed data product, the Interim Geophysical Data Record (IGDR), that is better suited to detailed scientific studies of ocean topography, is available no sooner than 2–3 days from real time. The measurements reported on the OSDR primarily differ from those on the IGDR in that the OSDR reports measurements derived from on-board processing of the altimeter waveforms, while ground retracking of the waveforms is performed for the IGDR. The altimeter-derived measurements on the OSDR are validated through a statistical evaluation of the differences between data on the OSDR and IGDR. In doing so, the impact of ground retracking of the altimeter waveforms is also illustrated.