A REVIEW OF THE PALEO-HYDROLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTER OF LAKE NAM CO,SOUTH-CENTRAL TIBET

The endorheic Lake Nam Co,south Eastern Tibetan Plateau,was selected to investigate the interrelation between drainage basin processes,especially post-glacial glacier decay,and lake level fluctuations.Landforms of the drainage basin are highly influenced by tectonics,superimposed by fluvial and periglacial processes,and locally by glacial and eolian processes.Thus,geomorphological features and hydrological characteristics were compiled for the lake-basin to provide an overview of the landscape character.Data show that during the Last Glacial Maximum melt water from the mountains accumulated fluvial deposits in the foreland.Concurrently,an increase of the lake level occurred which is presently shown by a cliff line all around Nam Co with its base approximately 29m above the present lake level.The Holocene decrease of the lake level is traced by beach ridges.As Nam Co is an endorheic lake post-glacial water loss has to be primarily explained by evaporation and moisture conditions.However,more detailed conclusions on quantitative and chronological patterns of both factors,melt-water input and evaporation output,still remain to be drawn.     

真空预压在吹填土中的加固效果及存在问题分析

围海造陆是解决土地资源短缺的重要途径,但吹填土为一种成分复杂、结构特殊的软土,真空预压是吹填软土地基加固的有效方法。本文以天津临港造修船基地一期工程为例,分析了真空预压在吹填软土地基加固中的效果及存在问题,并提出了应对措施。     

基于RS和GIS的近30年来人类活动影响下莱州湾东南岸海岸湿地演变

以1973年以来6个时相的MSS/TM遥感影像为主要信息源,在野外调查的基础上,通过目视解译提取莱州湾东南岸多时相海岸线及自然湿地、人工湿地等专题要素信息,并分析了各专题要素的演变规律,结果表明:虎头崖至胶莱河口段的海岸线在1973-1980年向海侵蚀,1980年12月修建防潮堤后基本不变.胶莱河口至白浪河口段海岸线在...     

Problems associated with quantitative magnetic sourcing of sediments of the scarborough to mablethorpe coast,Northeast England,U.K.

There are many problems associated with beach tracing and sand provenance in coastal studies over short and long timescales. Here, an attempt has been made to trace the source sediments of the beaches along the Holderness and Humberside coastline of northeast England, between Scarborough and Mablethorpe, using rapid field and laboratory magnetic techniques. The methodology employed involves classification and modelling of sediment sources and mixtures based on their magnetic properties. Focus is given to a strong ferrimagnetic black sand (heavy mineral) which dominates the magnetic signal of the beach mixtures. Delimiting the spatial extent, quantifying and tracing of this mineral may give a good indication of wave energy and sediment movement processes along this coastline. This paper represents results obtained during a short-time-scale survey.     

海平面上升与海滩侵蚀

世纪性的海平面持续上升，加大了海岸水下斜坡深度，逐渐减小波浪对沉溺古海岸的扰动作用而形成海底的横向供沙减少，却加强激浪对上部海滩的冲刷。逐渐上升的海平面，降低了河流坡降而减少了入海沙量。因此世界海滩普遍出现沙量补给匮乏。海平面上升伴随着厄尔尼诺现象与风暴潮频率的增加，水动力加大。这两者的综合效应，使海滩遭受冲刷，沙坝向陆移动。如按ＩＰＣＣ估计，至２１００年海面上升５０ｃｍ时，中国主要旅游海滨的沙滩将损失现有面积的１３％─６６％。主要对策是海岸防护与海滩人工喂养。     

Protection of tropical barrier beaches: a potential remedial measure

Chronic erosion is found along structurally protected beaches of Kerala, viz., Narakkal (17.8 m³/m¹) and Munambam (80.36 m³/m^–1). The textural characteristics of these beaches are discussed. Observations on the horizontal and vertical distribution of the intertidal fauna of Narakkal beach are presented. The feasibility ofSeaevola taccada as a vegetative beach protective measure is elucidated. The impact of anthropogenically-climatically induced coastal hazards such as sea level rise (SLR) on a typical barrier beach of Kerala is depicted. An alternative beach protective measure to curtail the impact of sea level rise on sandy and atoll beaches of a tropical region is highlighted.     

Laboratory study of wave and turbulence characteristics in narrow-band irregular breaking waves

Wave elevations and water particle velocities were measured in a laboratory surf zone created by the breaking of a narrow-band irregular wave train on a 1/35 plane slope. The incident waves form wave groups that are strongly modulated. It is found that the waves that break close to the shoreline generally have larger wave-height-to-water-depth ratios before breaking than the waves that break farther offshore. After breaking, the wave-height-to-water-depth ratio for the individual waves approaches a constant value in the inner surf zone, while the standard deviation of the wave period increases as the still water depth decreases. In the outer surf zone, the distribution of the period-averaged turbulent kinetic energy is closely correlated to the initial wave heights, and has a wider variation for narrow-band waves than for broad-band waves. In the inner surf zone, the distribution of the period-averaged turbulent kinetic energy is similar for narrow-band waves and broad-band waves. It is found that the wave elevation and turbulent kinetic energy time histories for the individual waves in a wave group are qualitatively similar to those found in a spilling regular wave. The time-averaged transport of turbulent kinetic energy by the ensemble-averaged velocity and turbulence velocity under the irregular breaking waves are also consistent with the measurements obtained in regular breaking waves. The experimental results indicate that the shape of the incident wave spectrum has a significant effect on the temporal and spatial variability of wave breaking and the distribution of turbulent kinetic energy in the outer surf zone. In the inner surf zone, however, the distribution of turbulent kinetic energy is relatively insensitive to the shape of the incident wave spectrum, and the important parameters are the significant wave height and period of the incident waves, and the beach slope.     

Modelling the response of a double-barred sandy beach system to time-varying wave angles

Sandy beaches typically have one or more shore-parallel bars with superimposed smaller-scale three-dimensional (3D) bars. Knowledge of their morphodynamic behaviour under more realistic wave conditions is limited. This study investigates the response of beaches with two shore-parallel bars to sinusoidally time-varying angles of incidence, using a non-linear morphodynamic model. Different periods and amplitudes of this sinusoidal variation are considered, as well as different time-mean wave angles. For time-invariant and normally incident waves, results show that alongshore rhythmic 3D bars form in the domains of inner and outer shore-parallel bars. The 3D bars in the inner domain are coupled at half the outer-bars wavelength. This phase coupling breaks up when the wave angle varies in time. Initially, regular 3D bars form in the inner domain (free behaviour), which become irregular when 3D bars develop in the outer domain (forced behaviour). The heights of the 3D bars oscillate with time, reaching maximum values when the forcing period is comparable to the system adjustment time scale (∼ 10–20 days). For a time-varying wave angle around an oblique mean, alongshore migrating 3D bars emerge in both inner and outer domains. In contrast, for an oblique (constant) wave angle, 3D bars only form in the inner domain and they hardly migrate alongshore. For any forcing period, the dominant response period of the oscillating bar heights is at half the forcing period when waves are (on average) normally incident, and it equals the forcing period when waves are on average obliquely incident. Compared with time-invariant angles, heights of inner and outer 3D bars are (on average) smaller and larger, respectively, when the angle varies with time, particularly for forcing periods in the order of the system adjustment time scale. Increasing the amplitude of the time-varying wave angle weakens bar growth. Explanations of these results are also provided.     

Beach sand of SE Australia traced by zircon ages through Ordovician turbidites and S-type granites of the Lachlan Orogen to Africa/Antarctica: a review

The Quaternary beach sand of SE Australia, driven northward by southern swell, contains zircons with dominant U–Pb ages of 700–500 Ma, model ages (T_DMc) of 2.2 Ga to 1.0 Ga, and ?_Hf of +12 to –30, indicating a host rock type of granitoids with alkaline affinity. These properties match those of detrital zircons in the Middle Triassic (ca 240 Ma) Hawkesbury Sandstone (T_DMc of 2.1 to 1.0 Ga, ?_Hf of +8 to –40, alkaline granitoids) and the Ordovician (ca 460 Ma) turbidites and ca 430 Ma S-type granitoids of the Lachlan Orogen (T_2DM of 2.0 to 1.0 Ga, ?_Hf of +5 to –30), all of which are identified as proximal provenances. Superimposed are the ca 400 Ma zircons in beaches in the south backed by the 420–375 Ma I-type Bega Batholith, and ca 350 Ma and ca 250 Ma zircons in the north backed by the New England Orogen. The Ordovician turbidites, part of a deep-sea super-fan, were fed by the detritus of the exhumed 700–500 Ma Transgondwanan Supermountains atop the East African–Antarctic Orogen. At the same time, the ancestral Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains of East Antarctica probably contributed a subsidiary fan of 700–500 Ma sediment. Primary zircons aged 600–500 Ma in igneous and metamorphic rocks in Australia and the ancestral Transantarctic Mountains are minor contributors of the Australian sediments. The properties of the 700–500 Ma primary zircons in the East African–Antarctic Orogen are traceable through the first-cycle Ordovician turbidite and intruding second-cycle granite, and younger sediment, such as the third-cycle Triassic Hawkesbury Sandstone and the third-cycle beach sand. The sand at the northern terminus of the coastal system off Fraser Island spills over the shelf edge into the Tasman Abyssal Plain to reflect in miniature the deep-sea depositional environment of the Ordovician.     

Observations of beach cusps

Aagaard. Troels: Observations of beach cusps. Geografisk Tidsskrift 85: 27–31 Copenhagen, October 1985.

Observations of beach cusps have been conducted under low-energy conditions on the northern coast of Zealand, Denmark. The distance between cusps showed consistently good correlation with values calculated from a hypothetical occurrence of synchronous or subharmonic edge waves. A relationship is implied between the edge wave frequency and the value of the surf scaling parameter. Supplementary observations from the southern coast of England indicate that the edge wave theory may not be adequate in explaining the distance between cusps on pocket beaches.