具有抵偿面的GPS基线向量网任意带高斯投影模型研究

通过GPS技术获取的空间基线向量和坐标信息是建立在WGS-84坐标系下的,无法直接应用于工程实际。因此使用GPS基线向量网必须将其从WGS-84坐标系转换到测区的平面坐标系统中,这就需要构造一个具有抵偿面的任意带高斯投影模型,来控制和减小边长投影变形。     

几种常用平面直角坐标系与国家统一3°带坐标系转换原理、方法

开展大比例尺测图时,当测区距离国家统一3°带中央子午线较远或测区高程较大时,国家统一3°带坐标系不能满足城市建设和工程建设的需要,需要建立长度变形值不大于2．5 cmk／m 的地方平面直角坐标系。地方平面直角坐标系是国家统一3°带平面直角坐标系的变换,本文研究几种常用地方平面直角坐标系与国家统一3°带坐标系相互转换的原理与方法。     

一类非线性投影方程解的扰动迭代算法及其收敛性

在Hilbert空间中讨论了一类非线性投影方程解的扰动迭代算法及其收敛性分析．     

Surface air temperature changes over the Tibetan Plateau: Historical evaluation and future projection based on CMIP6 models

With its amplification simultaneously emerging in cryospheric regions, especially in the Tibetan Plateau, global warming is undoubtedly occurring. In this study, we utilized 28 global climate models to assess model performance regarding surface air temperature over the Tibetan Plateau from 1961 to 2014, reported spatiotemporal variability in surface air temperature in the future under four scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5), and further quantified the timing of warming levels (1.5, 2, and 3 °C) in the region. The results show that the multimodel ensemble means depicted the spatiotemporal patterns of surface air temperature for the past decades well, although with differences across individual models. The projected surface air temperature, by 2099, would warm by 1.9, 3.2, 5.2, and 6.3 °C relative to the reference period (1981–2010), with increasing rates of 0.11, 0.31, 0.53, and 0.70 °C/decade under the SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios for the period 2015–2099, respectively. Compared with the preindustrial periods (1850–1900), the mean annual surface air temperature over the Tibetan Plateau has hit the 1.5 °C threshold and will break 2 °C in the next decade, but there is still a chance to limit the temperature below 3 °C in this century. Our study provides a new understanding of climate warming in high mountain areas and implies the urgent need to achieve carbon neutrality.     

The rapidly shrinking cryopshere in the past decade：an interpretation of cryospheric changes from IPCC WGI Sixth Assessment Report北大核心CSCD

The Working Group I report of the Sixth Assessment Report（AR6）of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change（IPCC）was released in August 2021. Base on updated and expanding data, AR6 presented the improved assessment of past changes and processes of cryosphere. AR6 also predicted the future changes us⁃ ing the models in CMIP6. The components of cryosphere were rapid shrinking under climate warming in the last decade. There were decreasing trends in Arctic sea-ice area and thickness. Sea-ice loss was significant. The Greenland Ice Sheet, the Antarctic Ice Sheet and all glaciers lost more mass than in any other decade. Global warming over the last decades had led to widespread permafrost warming, active layer thickness increasing and subsea permafrost extent reducing. Snow cover extent in the Northern Hemisphere also decreased significantly. However, the variations of snow depth and snow water equivalent showed great spatial heterogeneity. The rapid shrinking of the cryosphere accelerated the global mean sea level rise. The impact of human activities on cryo⁃ sphere will become more significant in the future. The Arctic sea-ice area will decrease, and the Arctic Ocean will likely become practically sea ice-free. The Greenland Ice Sheet, the Antarctic Ice Sheet and glaciers will continue to lose mass throughout this century. Permafrost and Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent will con⁃ tinue to decrease as global climate continues to warm. In addition, there are still uncertainties in the prediction of cryosphere due to the absence of observations, the poor sensitivity of models to the components and processes of cryosphere, and the inexplicit represent of the mechanism of light-absorbing impurities. More attentions should be paid on these issues in the future. © 2022 Science Press (China). All rights reserved.     

自定义坐标系的建立及其坐标变换实现

大地基准(含数学椭球体)和投影方式的组合形成多种投影坐标系。地质勘查工作者常遇到坐标转换问题和建立自定义坐标问题,尤其是当我国北京54坐标系和西安80坐标系地质数据的GIS化时。GIS软件已经成为地质勘查的基本工具,而地质数据GIS化的第一步就是建立坐标系统。本文论述了如何使用Map Info和GeosoftOasis MontajTM两种常见地质勘查GIS软件建立自定义坐标,主要是如何在该两个软件中构建自定义大地基准(datum),并且给出了如何使用两个软件进行坐标变换的步骤。     

斜轴变形椭球高斯投影方法

针对东西跨度较大的线路,借助最小二乘法建立斜轴参考椭球,以减小高斯投影横坐标;通过坐标系转换理论,推导出测区在各坐标系下的空间直角坐标,进而确定测区相对于斜轴参考椭球上的大地坐标;利用椭球变换法建立斜轴变形椭球以减小因高程引起的投影变形。以某铁路线为例,可知"斜轴变形椭球高斯投影方法"可大大减小投影后横轴方向分量,避免高斯投影分带现象,同时有效减小高程及其引起的投影变形。该方法数学模型严谨、运算过程清晰,便于编制相关软件,可投入工程使用。     

基于调制方案的抗投影变换数字水印算法

针对传统数字水印算法无法抵抗投影变换攻击的问题,该文提出了一种对投影变换具有较高鲁棒性的数字水印算法。结合投影变换具有拓扑关系不变性以及在小范围内近似等特点,该文选择定位点和经纬线网格之间的包含关系作为水印载体,通过修改包含关系嵌入水印。实验证明该方法不仅对多种投影变换具有鲁棒性,而且能够抵抗裁剪、压缩等常见攻击,算法能够有效提高对矢量地图数据版权保护的能力。     

分片纠正的球面全景影响匹配方法研究

针对球面全景影像等矩形投影易带来非线性畸变,而直接将传统特征匹配方法应用于全景影像很难满足实际应用需求的问题,该文提出了一种基于分片纠正的球面全景影像匹配方法:先将等距形投影的全景影像按经纬度分成N个子影像块,对每个子块进行投影转换以得到畸变纠正后的影像,并对其做SIFT特征提取及描述,将N个子影像的SIFT特征进行坐标转换并合并即可获得整幅全景影像的特征集,进而完成多幅全景影像间的匹配.经过分片纠正后的影像在较大程度上保证了空间物体的几何属性,提高了特征匹配的质量.     

高原地方坐标系的理论设计与投影变形检验

随着城市扩张及城乡一体化统筹管理,传统方法设计的地方坐标已不能适应城市发展的需要。针对这一问题,该文应用高斯投影、抵偿高程面相结合的方法,详细讨论了不同中央子午线及抵偿高程面下坐标系的适宜范围及变形情况,并提出高程投影带概念,计算给出各带参数速查表。通过一个实例、应用多高程投影带方法,将坐标系适宜宽度由传统方法的±45km扩展到±165km以上。该文还提出一种应用DEM检验坐标系投影变形的新方法,达到了遍历、直观的检验效果。目前国家正在推广CGCS2000及开展数字城市建设,均需要设计新的地方坐标系,可供参考使用,但海拔低于159m的区域效果不很明显。