从云南省大姚县6.2级地震看我国小城镇和村镇房屋存在的抗震问题

在2003年云南省大姚县7月21日6．2级地震调查的基础上，结合以往所收集的地震震害资料，阐述了小城镇和村镇建筑在地震作用下的破坏形式并分析了原因，提出了相应的防御技术措施，最后对现阶段我国小城镇和村镇建筑在抗御地震方面存在的紧迫问题提出建议。     

地震状态下高层建筑物安全防护避让距离的估计研究

高层建筑物在地震作用下易出现倒塌状况,严重影响人身安全,因此高层建筑物地震安全防护距离的预测至关重要。设计以基础数据库为核心的高层建筑物地震安全防护距离预测系统,通过高层建筑物基本信息系统采集高层建筑物高度、宽度、结构类型等基本数据信息,并将这些信息存储到震害数据库系统中;地震危害模型分析系统依据数据库系统中存储的这些建筑物基本信息,分析地震危险性后,通过研究地震时高层建筑上部结构水平、底部及顶部先接触地面三种落地状态情况下,计算得到薄弱层和薄弱层上部结构高度的安全防护距离。实验验证在人工地震波作用下,利用该预测系统可有效获取实验小区高层建筑物的安全防护距离界定示意图,且其能够准确分析地震作用下高层建筑物晃动时"飞石"安全距离,以及三种地震波作用下建筑物地震安全防护距离分布规律和主要影响范围,其预测效果好。     

建筑物分布对市区流场及污染物扩散影响的数值模拟

本文运用已建精细城市PBL模式，用拖曳力法考虑城市建筑物的影响，并以北京前三门地段板房为例，通过8个数值试验具体研究了建筑物对气象场的影响。结果表明：前三门地段板房的有无对风速、湍能和NOx浓度的影响较明显。有板房比没有板房时30m处水平总风速减少0．03～0．10m／s，湍能增大O．02～0．14m^2／s^2。板房对水平总风速的影响大于0．01m／s的范围为：迎风向和背风向约400～500m，侧风向约100～200m；垂直方向的影响高度约为150m。在30m高度附近影响最大。对湍流动能的影响范围与风速的类似。对NOx浓度的影响以地面为最大，其影响程度及影响范围和板房与污染源的相对位置以及板房与周围建筑物的距离有关。总之，在高分辨的边界层模式中，用拖曳力法考虑城市建筑物的影响是可行和必要的。     

Developing collapse fragility curves for base-isolated buildings

Seismic isolation technique is increasingly used both for the design of new buildings and for the seismic retrofit of existing buildings. Nevertheless, so far, little attention has been paid on the collapse capacity of these structures, mainly because it requires refined nonlinear models and careful consideration of different sources of uncertainties. To fill this gap, a set of collapse fragility functions for existing reinforced concrete-frame buildings, designed for gravity loads only and then retrofitted with different isolation systems (including rubber-based and friction-based isolation systems), are derived in this study. For completeness, buildings with low and high seismic resistance are also considered. Collapse fragility functions are derived through incremental dynamic analysis, considering different collapse conditions both for isolation system and superstructure. For each case study building, mean and dispersion values are obtained considering both aleatory and epistemic uncertainties, due to record-to record and model variability, respectively. Finally, some comments on the possible use of the results of this study for practical applications are made.     

剖析建筑节能的几个问题

建筑节能是建筑技术进步的一个重要标志,也是建筑界实施可持续发展战略的关键环节。笔者提出了建筑节能领域中存在的问题,并作出有针对性的分析。这些问题包括节能意识、节能标准、公共建筑和住宅的节能,以及在总体规划与建筑设计、围护结构与建筑材料等方面。     

State power and environmental initiatives in China: Analyzing China’s green building program through an ecological modernization perspective

This paper applies the ecological modernization (EM) framework to analyze China’s green building program. EM focuses on the effective institutionalization of environmental objectives into respective political and economic systems, and thus provides valuable insights into the roles of the state and other stake holders in environmental regulation. Since the mid-2000s, the Chinese government has advanced an aggressive green building campaign, which is distinguished by its speed, scale, and evolution from one of voluntary participation to a top-down implementation through administrative hierarchies. While this has resulted in a remarkable growth of green building projects, questions remain about the effectiveness and sustainability of such a state-centered approach. Though interviews with officials, planners, architects, real estate developers, and property managers in several Chinese cities, data analysis of the green building stock, and surveys of architects, this paper analyzes Chinese green building patterns and situates such patterns among the contradictory motivations of different levels of government and their relationships to different stake holders. This research finds that the top-down state apparatus is not sufficient to overcome these contradictions and the profit motives of the property developers. However, many under-developed opportunities exist to leverage property developers, building professionals, and the public to engage in green building practices. In the end, I argue that the state must embrace reform to build flexible and collaborative movements with other parties with strong public participation. China’s ecological modernization process may feature a stronger state and faster changes, but it is not exempted from the need of political modernization.     

Evaluation of the measured seismic response of the Mexico City Cathedral

The seismic response of the Mexico City Cathedral built of very soft soil deposits is evaluated by using motions recorded in various parts of the structure during several moderate earthquakes. This unique set of records provides significant insight into the seismic response of this and other similar historic stone masonry structures. Free‐field ground motions are carefully compared in time and frequency domains with motions recorded at building basement. The dynamic characteristics of the structure are inferred from the earthquake records by using system identification techniques. Variation of seismic response for different seismic intensities is discussed. It is shown that, due to the soil–structure interaction, due to large differences between dominant frequencies of earthquake ground motions at the site and modal frequencies of vibration of the structure, and due to a particularly high viscous damping, seismic amplifications of ground motion in this and similar historic buildings erected on soft soil deposits are much smaller than that induced in most modern constructions. Nevertheless, earthquake records and analytical results show that several components of the structure such as its central dome and the bell towers may be subjected to local vibrations that significantly amplify ground motions. Overall, results indicate that in its present state the structure has an acceptable level of seismic safety. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

古建筑防雷设计探讨

通过对古建筑物防雷现状的调查,提出古建筑物的防雷设计应在确定雷电防护等级的基础上进行,古建筑物应采取防直击雷、侧击雷和防雷击电磁脉冲的措施,详细研究防雷装置的形式及其布置方式,防雷装置的安装应尽量做到保持古建筑物原貌和艺术特点。     

城市典型建筑地震损失预测方法II：地震损失估计

本文在文[1]的基础上，给出城市典型建筑地震损失估计方法。首先，给出砖砌体结构、排架结构和钢筋混凝土结构的破坏分级描述；其次，介绍城市地震人员伤亡及经济损失估计方法。结合文[1]的结构易损性分析方法，以宁波市为例，给出了市区典型建筑的震害矩阵，并对地震作用下的人员伤亡和财产损失进行了估计。     

基于POI数据的城市建筑功能分类方法研究

对建筑物进行建模与分析是智慧城市建设的重要任务之一。将城市中数量庞大的建筑物按功能分类,辅助认知城市内部空间结构,对政府部门开展人口估计,土地管理,城市规划等工作具有重要意义。本文以蕴含丰富语义信息的兴趣点（POI, Point of Interest ）作为主要信息源,针对POI分布稀疏导致大量建筑物无法识别出功能的问题,改进了传统的城市功能区定量识别方法。该方法为建筑物内部及周边一定区域范围内的POI赋予反距离权重,通过计算不同类型POI的加权频数密度比例来识别建筑物功能类型。文中以北京市西四环中路附近5000多栋建筑物为例进行实验验证,实现了将目标区域内的建筑物按功能类型划分为居住、商业、公服和3种混合类型,识别率达93.04%,与人工判别的结果对比得出总体分类精度达91.18%。该方法采用易于获取的互联网POI数据,可以实现大范围建筑物功能类型的快速自动化识别,丰富了城市建筑模型语义属性,扩展了POI数据的应用范围。