2017年九寨沟7.0级地震序列震源机制解和构造应力场特征

九寨沟余震序列的震源机制和构造应力场有助于认识本次地震的发震构造和孕震机理。本文基于四川区域地震台网的波形资料, 采用波形拟合(CAP)方法和P波初动+振幅比(HASH)方法反演得到2017年8月8日九寨沟7.0级地震序列中59次ML≥3.0地震的震源机制解, 并基于该结果采用阻尼线性逆推法(DRSSI), 计算研究区域的平均构造应力场, 给出该区域的应力场特征。结果显示, 利用CAP方法反演得到的本次主震的最佳双力偶机制解节面I: 走向248°/倾角86°/滑动角–169°, 节面II: 走向157°/倾角79°/滑动角–4°, 矩震级为Mw6.31, 矩心深度5 km, 属走滑型地震事件; 大部分余震的震源机制解错动类型与主震一致, 矩心深度集中在3~10 km; 应力场反演结果显示, 该区域周边的应力性质为走滑型, 最大主应力方向呈NWW–SEE向, 与该区域的应力场方向一致, 表明本次地震主要受区域应力的控制。结合该区域的地震地质构造等已有研究成果, 分析认为此次地震的发震断层为走向NW–SE、倾向SW的左旋走滑断裂——树正断裂, 巴颜喀拉块体向E-SE向的水平运动受到华南块体的强烈阻挡导致此次地震的发生, 汶川地震的发生对本次地震具有一定的促进作用。     

开挖条件下含陡倾结构面顺层岩质边坡破坏模式与稳定性预测

顺层岩质边坡易发生失稳破坏,当边坡中发育有顺坡向陡倾结构面时,更不利于边坡稳定。以贵州某水电站大坝左岸含陡倾结构面顺层边坡为例,在综合分析地质条件及开挖扰动的基础上,结合离散元软件UDEC,分析了边坡的变形破坏模式和稳定性。研究结果表明,边坡可能发生的变形破坏模式主要有滑移、拉裂—滑移两种;自然状况下及开挖后,边坡都有沿断层f_9、卸荷裂隙L_1及岩层面发生滑移的趋势,且工程开挖导致边坡沿该结构面发生内部滑动;对边坡采用预应力锚索加固后,变形得到有效控制,位移数值计算值与实际监测值基本吻合。     

Generation and Development of Structures and Their Controls on Ore Mineralization in the Lehong Zinc-lead Deposit,Northeastern YunnanEI北大核心CSCD

The Lehong zinc-lead deposit is one of the new-found large Zn-Pb deposits in the Sichuan- Yunnan-Guizhou Zn-Pb poly-metallic mineralization area. The ore-bodies of the Lehong deposit are strictly controlled by structures, and the fault tectonites can be divided into four groups which include morbruk rock, cataclastic rock and tectonic breccia. The mechanical properties of the faults suggest that there are five tectonic systems formed in the Caledonian-early Hercynian, Indosinian-early Yanshanian, mid-Yanshanian, late Yanshanian and Himalayan periods, respectively. The Lehong fault and the Qiaojia-Lianfeng fault are two important ore-controlling structures which might have acted as channel ways of the ore fluids. The ores are hosted in the subordinary fracture zone, joint fracture zone and interlayer fault zones in trailing folds of the Lehong fault and the Baobaoshang syncline and Jinjiagou anticline. Hence, the Lehong deposit is a tectonic -controlled ore deposit. These research do not only lay a foundation for studying deposit genesis and ore-finding direction in the Lehong deposit, but also provides important enlightenments for the ore-finding prognosis of lead-zinc deposits in northwestern Guizhou ore concentration district. © 2018, Science Press. All right reserved.     

Paleogene Deformation and its Control Mechanism in the Central Part of Raoyang SagEI北大核心CSCD

Various Palaeogenic deformations have been recognized in the central part of the Raoyang Sag. Based on seismic interpretation, the sedimentary sequences, structure features and activity of main faults have been studied. The results show that the Xianxian detachment fault, which is located in the eastern boundary of the Raoyang Sag, was still active during the Cenozoic and controlled the basinal deformation. The detachment depth and deformation of the Xianxian detachment fault are discussed based on the area-balance theory. The results reveal that patterns of the Paleogene structures vary considerably from the north to the south. Activity of the main faults in the hanging wall of the Xianxian detachment led to a westward migration of the deposition center. On the other hand, the uplifting of the dome related to the detachment resulted in fast denudation of the overlying sediments in locals. The deformation of detachment fault and activities of the major faults controlled the Paleogene deformation in the central part of the Raoyang Sag. © 2018, Science Press. All right reserved.     

Late Quaternary chironomid community structure shaped by rate and magnitude of climate change

Much is known about how climate change impacts ecosystem richness and turnover, but we have less understanding of its influence on ecosystem structures. Here, we use ecological metrics (beta diversity, compositional disorder and network skewness) to quantify the community structural responses of temperature-sensitive chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae) during the Late Glacial (14 700–11 700 cal a bp ) and Holocene (11 700 cal a bp to present). Analyses demonstrate high turnover (beta diversity) of chironomid composition across both epochs; however, structural metrics stayed relatively intact. Compositional disorder and skewness show greatest structural change in the Younger Dryas, following the rapid, high-magnitude climate change at the Bølling–Allerød to Younger Dryas transition. There were fewer climate-related structural changes across the early to mid–late Holocene, where climate change was more gradual and lower in magnitude. The reduced impact on structural metrics could be due to greater functional resilience provided by the wider chironomid community, or to the replacement of same functional-type taxa in the network structure. These results provide insight into how future rapid climate change may alter chironomid communities and could suggest that while turnover may remain high under a rapidly warming climate, community structural dynamics retain some resilience.     

测井地质学前世、今生与未来——写在《测井地质学·第二版》出版之时

测井地质学以地质学和测井学的方法理论为指导,综合运用各种测井信息,来解决基础地质和石油地质的地质问题。经过数十年发展,测井地质学在油气勘探开发各个环节得到广泛应用。非常规油气的兴起使得测井地质学正面临多重挑战和全新探索,亟需建立针对非常规油气的测井地质学综合方法理论体系。本文以《测井地质学·第二版》出版为契机,系统归纳了测井地质学的起源及发展历程、主要研究内容和研究方法流程。然后总结了测井资料与地震、地质信息的匹配性,并分析了不同探测特性测井方法纵向分辨率区间特征。在此基础上评述了测井地质学在井旁构造解析、沉积学特征研究、层序地层划分、地应力方向判别及大小计算、井壁裂缝识别与评价、烃源岩评价以及非常规油气“七性关系”综合评价当中的应用。但由于测井资料的负载能力有限性、测井与地质信息属性不对应性以及测井资料本身的多解性,使得测井地质学在测井—地质转换、非常规油气测井评价及其与人工智能融合方面还存在一定的问题。因此加强基础岩石物理研究,挖掘测井曲线中包含的地质信息,并与人工智能相结合,将拓展测井地质学研究的精度和广度,从而使其未来可更好地应用至非常规油气测井评价等实践工作中。     

太行山中段城南庄一带隐伏岩体及找矿前景分析

麻棚和赤瓦屋岩体都位于太行山中段热液金属矿成矿区内,在其周围已发现石湖石英脉大型金矿等60余处热液型矿床(点),其深部和外围可能存在找矿前景。本文通过探讨太行山中段城南庄一带遥感环形构造和重力负场特征与金属矿床和岩体的耦合关系,从城南庄卫星式-多层蘑菇群式遥感环形构造群、重力负场、中酸性岩脉侵入和温泉五种证据,推测城南庄深部存在比麻棚和赤瓦屋岩体大近六倍、面积约700 km~2的中酸性隐伏岩体—城南庄隐伏岩体。城南庄隐伏岩体边界基本与布格重力负异常边界吻合,呈长轴北东向宽缓带状展布,向南西方向倾伏,北侧埋深较浅、南侧埋深较深。城南庄隐伏岩体边部(特别是产状缓外倾,具有良好成矿空间的区域)和顶部与围岩的接触带位置、环形构造形成的晚期"小岩体"内部及附近位置和中酸性岩脉附近位置是寻找热液型矿床的有利部位。     

高山区雪堆储雪的实验和模拟计算

随着全球气候变暖,滑雪运动呈现出对气候变化高度的敏感性和依赖性,各地滑雪季将不同程度地缩短。储雪作为一种应对气候变化的方法在雪务保障中逐渐得到研究和应用。在新疆阿勒泰地区吉木乃县开展储雪实验,应用谐波反应法研究了雪堆融化量与外界空气温度、太阳辐射和绝热保温结构热学性能之间的定量关系。实验中,覆盖两层绝热保温材料雪堆1的平均融化量为18.0 kg·d^-1（相当于初始质量的0.85%）,未覆盖绝热保温材料雪堆2的平均融化量为120.8 kg·d^-1（相当于初始质量的6.67%）。模拟期间观测到的雪堆1质量减少了1 438.0 kg,对应的模拟值为1 520.8 kg。谐波反应法可以为评价绝热保温结构的热学性能和提前确定储雪量提供重要的参考依据。由于许多物理过程都未考虑,导致模拟的雪堆融化量与实际融化量之间存在不确定性。雪堆所用绝热保温结构的性能可以用反射率、总传热系数、衰减度和延迟时间来衡量。     

鲜水河断裂带乾宁段岩石特征与内部结构及其物理-化学性质

断裂带的变形行为和断层滑移机制是目前地震研究关注的热点,断裂带岩石特征、内部结构与物理化学性质是确定断层蠕滑或粘滑行为以及断层滑移机制的基础和关键。本文以鲜水河断裂带乾宁段地表出露的断裂岩为研究对象,通过野外地质调查、室内光学显微镜、扫描电镜、粒度统计、粉末X射线衍射分析（XRD）和薄片X射线荧光光谱分析（XRF）等多种研究方法,对鲜水河断裂带岩石特征、结构构造、物性、矿物成分及化学元素分布开展了详细的分析,并探讨了相关变形行为和滑移机制。分析表明：（1）断裂带核部主要由黑色断层泥、浅黄色及黄色断层角砾岩和灰色碎裂岩、灰色断层角砾岩组成,呈单核对称结构;（2）黑色断层泥厚3~5cm,具有快速滑动结构特征,表现为断层粘滑行为。断层泥可划分出13个滑移带,最窄滑移带厚约40μm,至少代表13期古地震事件;（3）断层泥主要由伊利石、高岭石和石英等矿物组成,其中边部伊蒙混层含量异常高,为最新一次古地震的主滑移带。由于伊利石和伊蒙混层（或蒙脱石）为主要黏土矿物的断层泥渗透率低、孔隙流体压力大,以及发现断层泥楔入脉,表明地震过程中断层滑动存在热增压弱化机制;（4）从断层泥不同滑动带中碎块蚀变程度和矿物分布特征来看,地震主滑动带有向碎裂岩方向迁移的趋势。推测断层在滑动过程中,更趋向于向弱矿物含量高（如伊利石、伊蒙混层）、强矿物含量低（如方解石、高岭石）的围岩一侧迁移。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西北缘浩然柴达木地区下白垩统结构特征

鄂尔多斯盆地西北缘下白垩统为重要的找矿目的层,通过研究该套层位的结构特征,以期大致查明其深部发育情况,为盆地北部铀矿资源勘查与评价提供基础资料。文章通过对研究区可控源音频大地电磁(CSAMT)测深数据的反演处理,获得了沉积盖层的电性结构模型,结合区内地质、岩石物性及钻孔资料综合分析,认为下白垩统由浅至深主要发育两层地电结构,上部罗汉洞组纵向反映为明显的"上高下低"相对中高阻电性层,底板埋深一般在200 m左右;下部华池-环河组与洛河组整体反映为相对高阻电性层,底板埋深500~950 m,厚度400~700 m,走向北西,总体表现为北东部薄、南西部厚、中部更厚的沉积分布特征。