Quantifying flow resistance in mountain streams using computational fluid dynamics modeling over structure-from-motion photogrammetry-derived microtopography

Flow resistance in mountain streams is important for assessing flooding hazard and quantifying sediment transport and bedrock incision in upland landscapes. In such settings, flow resistance is sensitive to grain-scale roughness, which has traditionally been characterized by particle size distributions derived from laborious point counts of streambed sediment. Developing a general framework for rapid quantification of resistance in mountain streams is still a challenge. Here we present a semi-automated workflow that combines millimeter- to centimeter-scale structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry surveys of bed topography and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to better evaluate surface roughness and rapidly quantify flow resistance in mountain streams. The workflow was applied to three field sites of gravel, cobble, and boulder-bedded channels with a wide range of grain size, sorting, and shape. Large-eddy simulations with body-fitted meshes generated from SfM photogrammetry-derived surfaces were performed to quantify flow resistance. The analysis of bed microtopography using a second-order structure function identified three scaling regimes that corresponded to important roughness length scales and surface complexity contributing to flow resistance. The standard deviation σ_z of detrended streambed elevation normalized by water depth, as a proxy for the vertical roughness length scale, emerges as the primary control on flow resistance and is furthermore tied to the characteristic length scale of rough surface-generated vortices. Horizontal length scales and surface complexity are secondary controls on flow resistance. A new resistance predictor linking water depth and vertical roughness scale, i.e.  H/σ_z, is proposed based on the comparison between σ_z and the characteristic length scale of vortex shedding. In addition, representing streambeds using digital elevation models (DEM) is appropriate for well-sorted streambeds, but not for poorly sorted ones under shallow and medium flow depth conditions due to the missing local overhanging features captured by fully 3D meshes which modulate local pressure gradient and thus bulk flow separation and pressure distribution. An appraisal of the mesh resolution effect on flow resistance shows that the SfM photogrammetry data resolution and the optimal CFD mesh size should be about 1/7 to 1/14 of the standard deviation of bed elevation. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Notes on laboratory rearing of juvenile spiny lobsters,jasus edwardsii (hutton) (crustacea: Decapoda: Palinuridae)

Post‐puerulus specimens of Jasus edwardsii (Hutton) have been successfully reared in the laboratory from the puerulus stage for periods of up to 12 months. The spiny lobsters were reared in concrete‐asbestos tanks measuring 2.4m × 37cm × 23cm. The tanks were supplied with a continuous flow of sea water and provided with constant aeration. Empty shells of paua (Haliotis iris Martyn) and rocks from the intertidal zone provided cover within the tanks.

Fresh mussel (Mytilus sp.) was preferred to all other foods tried in feeding experiments. The animals were fed every second day on opened mussels, and occasionally on fresh fish. The juveniles “grazed” actively on the calcareous algae (Corallina officinalis L.) present on the rocks.

The animals were extremely sensitive to pollution. To reduce pollution risks all sediments were removed from each tank, as the interstices between them were found to harbour uneaten food particles. Any uneaten foods were siphoned out every second day and each tank was thoroughly cleaned every six to eight weeks.

From a total of over 3,300 animals collected since November 1965, over 800 are presently being reared in the laboratory and various aspects of their ecology studied. The first step in raising larger adult sizes from juvenile stages in the laboratory is clearly possible.     

舟曲罗家峪“8．8”特大泥石流特征与成因

舟曲“8．8”特大泥石流是我国有历史记载以来造成损失最大的一次泥石流灾害,如实地记录这次灾害的特点、形成条件及致灾因素,分析其发展趋势并提出风险减缓措施,对指导灾后重建和今后的研究都是十分必要的。以舟曲“8．8”泥石流中的罗家峪为对象,通过泥石流勘查,分析了泥石流形成的地质环境条件,描述了三眼峪泥石流的分区特征和堆积物特征,从泥石流的堆积特征、重度、流速、流量的特征值等方面阐述了本次泥石流的发育特征;从地形地貌、固体物质和极端降雨等方面分析了泥石流的形成原因。     

定点式声学多普勒流速仪的应用难点与误差分析

定点式声学多普勒流速仪(简称"HADCP")在国内已较为普及,但对其应用却多停留在表面,鲜有人研究其测验误差控制及参数优化方法,影响HADCP测流精度。为解决HADCP使用中的一些疑难问题,从流速仪测验误差表现的三方面对HADCP的测流误差开展讨论。以测验误差为控制指标,对HADCP在使用中各个环节的误差来源及应用难点进行分析,并以多个实例阐明提高仪器应用精度的优化设置方法。按照所论及方法进行对照检查并合理优化,可减小测流误差,提高HADCP测流方案的整体精度。     

基于空间组合特征的农村居民点重构方向识别

农村居民点空间优化重构是推进乡村振兴的重要内容之一。以中国湖北省鄂州市为研究区,从人的生存生活需求出发,构建宜居性评价指标体系,评估鄂州市宜居性高低;通过网络分析法构建城乡人口流动网络,发现乡村人口流动规律。在此基础上,综合宜居性和人口流动强度的组合特征进行农村居民点空间重构。结果表明：(1)鄂州市整体宜居性较高,其中,生存保障功能差距较小,而生活服务功能和生活提升功能差距较大;(2)人口按照主城区、所属镇、附近优势城镇的优先顺序流动;城镇辐射范围有限,现有的点轴结构不能起到以点带面的作用,亟需发展中心村、一般村、基层村形成完整的乡村结构,带动全域发展;(3)基于乡村宜居性和人口流动强度将居民点划分为搬迁撤并类、城郊融合类和集聚提升类(中心村、一般村和基层村)。该研究可重塑乡村发展核心,完善乡村结构,促进资源优化配置,为人口快速流动区乡村聚落重构提供决策依据。     

可拓分类方法及其在流动单元分类中的应用

可拓学是研究事物拓展的可能性和拓展规律与方法的科学,它可以广泛的应用于各种矛盾和对立问题的解决.可拓分类方法是利用可拓学理论对事物类型归属进行研究的动态分类方法.为了解决储层流动单元分类中现存误判率较高的问题,本文利用可拓分类方法对储层流动单元分类进行了研究,并把利用可拓分类获得的流动单元分类结果与灰关联聚类法判别分析结果进行了比较,发现可拓分类方法具有更强的判别能力,具有实用性强、误判率低的特点,判别准确率可比灰关联聚类法提高15%.这种方法不仅仅适用于流动单元分类,对于油气勘探开发的很多环节都将具有适用性.     

Prediction of the median IDA curve by employing a limited number of ground motion records

A methodology has been proposed which can be used to reduce the number of ground motion records needed for the reliable prediction of the median seismic response of structures by means of incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). This methodology is presently limited to predictions of the median IDA curve only. The reduction in the number of ground motion records needed to predict the median IDA curve is achieved by introducing a precedence list of ground motion records. The determination of such a list is an optimization problem, which is solved in the paper by means of (1) a genetic algorithm and (2) a proposed simple procedure. The seismic response of a simple, computationally non‐demanding structural model has been used as input data for the optimization problem. The presented example is a three‐storey‐reinforced concrete building, subjected to two sets of ground motion records, one a free‐field set and the other a near‐field set. It is shown that the median IDA curves can be predicted with acceptable accuracy by employing only four ground motion records instead of the 24 or 30 records, which are the total number of ground motion records for the free‐field and near‐field sets, respectively. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基流分割法在黄河流域地下水研究中的应用

为研究黄河流域地下水可再生能力变化规律和制定黄河流域水资源管理方案,应用基流指数法(BFI)和直线平割法的原理与方法,计算了黄河流域干流13个水文断面与20条主要支流31个水文断面的基流量,并分析了基流量的形成机理、地下水对黄河水的贡献、基流变化过程、流域地下水资源的构成及地下水资源总量.研究结果表明:花园口断面的基流量占多年平均径流量的44%,流域内河水与地下水存在极其密切的转化关系,地下水对黄河水的贡献很大.黄河的径流量与基流量主要来自兰州以上的源区,兰州断面的年径流量与基流量分别占花园口断面径流量的59%和60%;而兰州以下到花园口之间的上、中游地区,地下水对黄河水的贡献很小.1990年前后,黄河干流与支流河段的基流量发生了很大变化.除玛多以上的源头段基流量衰减率较大外(衰减率为0.38),兰州以上的干流河段基流量衰减率较小(0.08～0.20),而兰州以下的黄河干流基流量衰减率都很大(0.22～0.31).基流量的剧烈衰减是天然和人类活动(如地下水开采)共同作用下地下水资源量减少的结果.从流域水循环的观点考虑,黄河流域的区域地下水资源由参与黄河水循环的地下水资源、未参与黄河水循环的地下水资源和流域地下水的开采等3大部分构成.1990年6月-2000年6月近10年黄河流域地下水天然资源量平均值为353.9 亿m~3/a,比多年地下水资源量平均值减少了15 % .     

高分辨率层序地层学应用中的问题探析

高分辨率层序地层学自诞生以来, 由于其基本原理和分析技术的广泛适用性、可行性、高精度和可预测性, 得到了广大石油地质工作者的认可并在油气勘探与开发研究中得到了广泛的应用,对中国油气勘探与油田开发挖潜起着至关重要的作用。但在应用过程中,还存在一些对概念理解的偏差以及模糊不清的认识,须要更深入的探讨以加深认识。作者主要从概念和方法上分析探讨了高分辨率层序地层学在储集层规模的地层划分与对比中存在的一些问题,包括基准面旋回与准层序概念的差异性;基准面旋回的级次划分;基准面旋回的界面识别与基准面旋回对比等,旨在通过对这些问题的分析,与运用该理论和方法的学者达成一定的共识并提供一些思考。     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘梭梭茎干液流变化及其对环境因子的响应

利用TDP热扩散式茎流计,结合气象观测系统,对古尔班通古特沙漠南缘原生梭梭的树干液流及环境因子进行连续监测,分析了梭梭树干液流对环境要素的响应,基于潜在蒸散发和蒸腾需求指数对梭梭茎干液流进行了模拟。结果表明：（1）梭梭树干液流在晴天的日变化呈单峰曲线,液流速率上升阶段时间短于下降阶段时间,与气象因素的日变化规律不一致。不同季节梭梭树干液流速率日变化规律存在差异,夏季液流与春季、秋季相比,启动早,停止晚,峰值更大且发生更早。（2）环境要素间存在着不同程度的相关性,主成分分析表明：前三个主成分共能解释85%的环境信息,其中以空气湿度、空气温度、水汽压亏缺、潜在蒸散发、净辐射为主的第一主成分能解释47%环境信息变化,以土壤温度、水汽压为主的第二主成分能解释20%环境信息变化,以土壤含水量、风速为主的第三主成分能解释17.6%的环境信息变化。（3）在春季和夏季基于潜在蒸散发的S型模型模拟梭梭液流速率的精度更高,在秋季基于蒸腾需求指数模拟的梭梭液流速率的精度更高。（4）梭梭树干液流速率与大气水分亏缺、净辐射、潜在蒸散发之间存在非对称响应,且不同季节间的响应规律存在差异,在春季和秋季,液流速率与水汽压亏缺呈顺时针状,与净辐射、潜在蒸散发呈逆时针状;在夏季,液流速率与水汽压亏缺呈顺时针状,与净辐射、潜在蒸散发呈斜8字顺时针状。