Ultraviolet absorption cross-sections of chloro and chlorofluoro-methanes at stratospheric temperatures

Absorption cross-sections of nine halomethanes (CCl₄, CHCl₃, CH₂Cl₂, CH₃Cl, CFCl₃, CF₂Cl₂, CF₃Cl, CHFCl₂, and CHF₂Cl), measured between 174 and 250 nm for temperatures ranging from 225 to 295 K, are presented with uncertainties ranging from 2 to 4% and compared with previous determinations made for comparable temperature ranges.The largest temperature effect which takes place near the absorption threshold, decreases the absorption cross-section up to 50% for highly chlorinated methanes, but is negligible for molecules highly stabilized by hydrogen and/or fluorine. Extrapolated values for temperatures of aeronomical interest are presented, as well as parametrical formulas which give absorption cross-section values for given wavelength and temperature ranges.     

Temperature dependence of thermal conductivity and its impact on assessments of heat flux

The variability of sedimentary thermal conductivities with increasing temperature are explored for their impact on estimates of present-day heat flux and subsurface temperature gradient. For sand thicknesses less than about 10–20 km, or shale thicknesses less than about 40–80 km, the subsurface temperature is closely linearly proportional to the thermal resistance integral obtained in the absence of the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity. Estimates of heat flux should be increased (decreased) by about 5% for sands and decreased by about 1% for shales. For salt, because of the much shorter temperature range over which its thermal conductivity decreases, effects produced by the temperature dependence are more noticeable: heat flux should be increased by around 13%, salt thicknesses in excess of 5 km will yield major (around 30–100°C) changes in their temperature regimes solely as a consequence of the temperature-dependent thermal conductivity, and the linear increase of temperature with increasing thermal resistance is not an adequate approximation but has to be replaced with a more exact exponential increase.The impact of the variations, particularly in the case of salt, for geologic processes is briefly considered.     

ERROR COMPARISON OF WIND FIELD RETRIEVAL FROM SINGLE AND DUAL-DOPPLER RADAR OBSERVATIONS

The error distributions of the wind fields retrieved from single and dual-Doppler radar observations are given inthis paper.The results indicate that the error of dual-Doppler retrieval depends on the position in the scan region of thedual-Doppler radar.The error of single-Doppler retrieval by using velocity azimuth processing(VAP)technique de-pends on the angle between the directions of wind and the radar beam.Generally,the winds retrieved from single Doppl-er radar are close to those retrieved from dual-Doppler radar.But,the error distribution of the single-Doppler retrievalis different from the dual-Doppler retrieval.We simulate the retrievals of single Doppler observation by the use of theoutput wind data from a 3-D numerical model of severe convection.The comparison of the simulated single-anddual-Doppler retrievals shows that the VAP may be a suitable technique for the operational analysis of mesoscale windfields.It can also be used as a supplement to wind field retrieval in the field experiment.     

Seismic rotational displacement of gravity walls by pseudo-dynamic method: Passive case

Prediction of the seismic rotational displacements of retaining wall under passive condition is an important aspect of design in earthquake prone region. In this paper, the pseudo-dynamic method is used to compute the rotational displacements of rigid retaining wall supporting cohesionless backfill under seismic loading for the passive earth pressure condition. The proposed method considers time, phase difference and effect of amplification in shear and primary waves propagating through both the backfill and the retaining wall. The influence of ground motion characteristics on rotational displacement of the wall is evaluated. Also the effects of variation of parameters like wall friction angle, soil friction angle, amplification factor, shear wave velocity, primary wave velocity, period of lateral shaking, horizontal and vertical seismic accelerations on the rotational displacements are studied. The rotational displacement of the wall increases substantially with increase in amplification of both shear and primary waves, time of input motion, period of lateral shaking and decreases with increase in soil friction angle, wall friction angle. The rotational displacements of the wall also increase when the effect of wall inertia is taken into account. Results are provided in graphical form.     

GPS短边方位测量若干问题的探讨

本文对GPS短边方位测量中遇到的问题进行了探讨，如仪器的检验，数据剔除率，检核测量误差的方法和方位平差及精度估计等。通过分析推导得出GPS方位边的平差公式和精度估计公式。     

榛子林滑坡动态与主要影响因素的相关性分析

在阐述榛子林滑坡基本特征的基础上，研究分析滑坡动态与后缘弃渣加载、大气降雨、生活排水等主要影响因素的相关性及滑坡复活变形的原因，为滑坡机制分析和优化整治措施提供依据。     

Electronic absorption spectra of Fe2+ ions in oxygen-based rock-forming minerals at temperatures between 297 and 600 K

 Polarized electronic single crystal spectra of natural Fe²⁺ ion-bearing oxygen-based minerals, in which ferrous ions enter octahedral sites of different symmetry and distortion (olivine, cordierite, ortho- and clinopyroxene, amphibole), eightfold sites in garnet (almandine) and clinopyroxene (M2), and tetrahedral sites in spinel, were studied at temperatures from 300 to ca. 600 K. In the minerals studied, the spin-allowed bands of Fe²⁺ display rather variable temperature behaviour. In most cases, due to the thermal expansion of the Fe²⁺-bearing polyhedra, bands shift to lower energies upon increasing temperature, though there are some exceptions to this rule: in cases of other than sixfold octahedral or close to octahedral coordination, in almandine and spinel the bands shift to higher energies, which can be explained by an increase in distortions of the Fe²⁺-bearing polyhedra. Splitting of the excited ⁵ E _g-level of Fe²⁺ ions usually, but not always, increases with temperature, reflecting thermally induced increase in distortion of the Fe²⁺-bearing sites in the minerals studied. Integral intensities of the bands in question do not always obey the general rule, according to which intensity should increase with temperature, when the 3d ^N-centred site is centrosymmetric, or should remain unchanged when the 3d ^N site lacks an inversion centre. The experimental results show that the response of the characteristics of absorption bands such as width, intensity and energy caused by dd transitions of Fe²⁺ in oxygen-based minerals to increasing temperature is not always uniform and is at variance with expectation. This temperature dependence cannot be used directly to solve band assignment problems, as earlier proposed in the literature. Received: 22 December 1999 / Accepted: 30 October 2000     

解析法测定天文方位角计算软件

介绍北极星时角法测定天文方位角的基本方法，进而说明解析法测定天文方位角的基本原理，阐述计算软件的功能、菜单设计特点和操作方法，以实例说明软件的实用性。     

Influence of source region properties on scaling relations forM<0 events

Excavation induced seismic events with moment magnitudesM<0 are examined in an attempt to determine the role geology, excavation geometry, and stress have on scaling relations. Correlations are established based on accurate measurements of excavation geometry and methodology, stress regime, rock mass structure, local tectonics, and seismic locations. Scaling relations incorporated seismic moments and source radii obtained by spectral analysis, accounting for source, propagation, and site effects, and using Madariaga's dynamic circular fault model. Observations suggest that the interaction of stresses with pre-existing fractures, fracture complexity and depth of events are the main factors influencing source characteristics and scaling behaviour. Self-similar relationships were found for events at similar depths or for weakly structured rock masses with reduced clamping stresses, whereas a non-similar behaviour was found for events with increasing depth or for heavily fractured zones under stress confinement. Additionally, the scaling behaviour for combined data sets tended to mask the non-similar trends. Overall, depth and fracture complexity, initially thought as second order effects, appear to significantly influence source characteristics of seismic events withM<0 and consequently favour a non-similar earthquake generation process.     

地面网与空间网联合平差中起算边长和起算方位角权的确定

本文全面分析了拉普拉斯方位角和起算边长的精度，指出了联合平差中这两类元素不能作为固定值，而应视为变量且赋予相应的权，并对权的取法进行了探讨。