考虑土拱效应的疏排桩支护基坑内力和变形分析

采用同济大学中型岩土离心机进行了2组疏排桩支护基坑的离心机模型试验,结合三维有限元数值分析探讨了采用规范方法计算疏排桩支护基坑桩身内力与变形的适宜性,并提出了考虑土拱效应的疏排桩支护基坑桩侧土压力的理论计算方法,最后建立了考虑土拱效应的疏排桩支护基坑桩身内力和变形的计算模型。研究结果表明：对于桩间距与桩径之比为2、3和8的疏排桩支护基坑,桩间土体无法形成土拱效应;对于桩间距与桩径之比为4～7的疏排桩支护基坑,桩间土拱效应明显;规范法计算得到桩身内力与变形结果要比离心机试验结果偏大,与规范方法相比,采用文中提出的计算方法计算疏排桩支护基坑桩身内力与变形更为合理。     

土质滑坡格构锚杆抗滑机制及受力试验研究

通过滑坡防治格构锚固大型物理模型试验,分析了土质滑坡格构锚杆体系在坡顶荷载下的变形和位移,揭示了格构锚杆的抗滑机制,探讨了锚固力与坡体位移及锚杆变形的关系,提出了极限锚固力的计算方法。结果表明：滑坡滑动时,格构梁与坡体整体发生旋转滑移,锚杆在滑面处发生了弯曲变形,处于弯曲和轴向拉伸组合变形状态;格构锚杆的抗滑作用表现为锚杆在滑面处的抗剪抗滑和锚杆格构梁的挡土阻滑;格构锚杆的极限锚固力由初始预应力、锚杆弯曲变形引起锚拉力、坡体位移引起锚拉力三部分组成,可通过公式 计算。该研究结果可为格构锚固体系的优化设计提供一定的参考。     

Test and numerical research on wall deflections induced by pre-excavation dewatering

Numerous studies have been devoted to the performance of excavations and adjacent facilities. In contrast, few studies have focused on retaining wall deflections induced by pre-excavation dewatering. However, considerable inward cantilever deflections were observed for a diaphragm wall in a pre-excavation dewatering test based on a long and narrow metro excavation, and the maximum deflection reached 10 mm (37.6% of the allowable wall deflection for the project). Based on the test results, a three-dimensional soil–fluid coupled finite element model was established and used to study the mechanism of the dewatering-induced diaphragm wall deflections. Numerical results indicated that the diaphragm wall deflection results from three factors: (1) the seepage force around the dewatering well and the soil–wall interaction caused the inward horizontal displacement of the soil inside the excavation; (2) the reduced total earth pressure on the excavated side of the diaphragm wall above approximately 1/2 of the maximum dewatering depth disequilibrated the original earth pressure on both sides of the diaphragm wall; and (3) the different negative friction on the excavated and retained sides of the diaphragm wall led to the rotation of the diaphragm wall into the excavation.     

粗颗粒间液桥毛细力演化规律的动态计算方法

水力特性是非饱和土力学理论与工程的重要课题之一,土样水力特性的变化过程本质上可反映为土颗粒间毛细力的演化规律。为此,以粗颗粒为研究对象,将其简化为一对不等径球体颗粒,而其间的水分形态可视为形如圆环的液桥,不考虑颗粒重力和浮力的影响。以Young-Laplace方程为基础,先推得计算液桥毛细力的控制方程组,再结合液桥的无量纲体积最大、最小值及其外曲率半径的割线迭代算法提出求解毛细力的动态计算方法,进而研究毛细力与颗粒间距、颗粒半径比和液桥体积的无量纲关系,结果表明：当颗粒间距一定时,液桥的毛细力随其体积和颗粒半径比增大均呈递增趋势;当液桥体积一定时,其抗拉刚度随颗粒间距增大呈递减趋势。最后,利用已有文献中液桥毛细力与颗粒间距的实测关系,验证了该动态计算方法在表征液桥从形成至断裂时毛细力演化规律的有效性。     

Distorted Froude‐scaled flume analysis of large woody debris

This paper presents the results of a movable‐boundary, distorted, Froude‐scaled hydraulic model based on Abiaca Creek, a sand‐bedded channel in northern Mississippi. The model was used to examine the geomorphic and hydraulic impact of simplified large woody debris (LWD) elements. The theory of physical scale models is discussed and the method used to construct the LWD test channel is developed. The channel model had bed and banks moulded from 0·8 mm sand, and flow conditions were just below the threshold of motion so that any sediment transport and channel adjustment were the result of the debris element. Dimensions and positions of LWD elements were determined using a debris jam classification model. Elements were attached to a dynamometer to measure element drag forces, and channel adjustment was determined through detailed topographic surveys. The fluid drag force on the elements decreased asymptotically over time as the channel boundary eroded around the elements due to locally increased boundary shear stress. Total time for geomorphic adjustment computed for the prototype channel at the Q₂ discharge (discharge occurring once every two years on average) was as short as 45 hours. The size, depth and position of scour holes, bank erosion and bars created by flow acceleration past the elements were found to be related to element length and position within the channel cross‐section. Morphologies created by each debris element in the model channel were comparable with similar jams observed in the prototype channel. Published in 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新型半潜式海上风力机基础水动力特性研究

概念性地设计了一种新型半潜式海上风力机基础,确定了结构的型式和尺寸,对风浪联合作用下不同工况的风力机基础稳性进行了校核.考虑黏性阻尼和二阶波浪力的作用,计算分析了风力机基础的水动力系数、幅频运动以及动力响应特性.结果表明,经过改进的新型风力机基础具有良好的稳性和水动力性能,特别是在垂荡性能上有大幅的提升.波浪入射角度对垂荡的影响不大,但对其他自由度RAOs影响较大.垂荡、横摇和纵摇RAOs均存在一个主峰值和次峰值,但峰值周期均远离波能集中区.此外还发现,不同工况下风浪入射角对风机系统的动力响应和系泊力均有较大影响,相对于工作工况,极端工况下所受风荷载较小,但是系泊力更大.     

波浪底摩擦力对重砂富集的影响——以鲁南近岸区为例

根据浅水波浪的底摩擦效应，对鲁南灵山湾和臼－岚山镇近岸区进行了波浪的海底摩擦力计算。波浪的海底摩擦力等值图与已知滨海锆石砂矿资料对比表明，底摩擦力大于０．１８Ｎ／ｍ＾２的动力分选区有利于重矿物砂富集。据此，进一步预测了鲁南近岸带的砂矿富集区。     

滑坡的摩擦力与正压力力偶的地震波场模拟

滑坡的地震波反演是确定滑坡动力学过程的有效途径.然而,目前的滑坡地震波反演大多基于点源模型,将滑坡面近似为点源,仅考虑滑体作用于滑床的摩擦力及其变化.但实际滑坡过程中,由于重力和滑动距离的存在,滑床还受到一个逐渐增加的正压力力偶作用.为定量探讨这一正压力力偶对滑坡地震波场的贡献,我们基于有限滑坡面模型,分别正演模拟了滑坡过程中摩擦力和正压力力偶的地震波场,得到了正压力力偶地震波场在整个滑坡地震波场中的能量比例及其随距离的变化.研究发现,正压力力偶地震波场具备近场项衰减特征,相较于摩擦力波场随距离衰减更快.正演模拟显示,正压力力偶地震波场在滑坡尺度2~3倍距离范围内较为显著;但在更远距离上,由于其幅度大致随距离的平方衰减,其贡献几可忽略.此外,正压力力偶波场在波形特征上与摩擦力波场也存在明显区别,二者的相对大小与摩擦系数和坡度等参数密切相关.本文模拟分析表明,完整的滑坡近场地震波场应该同时考虑摩擦力和正压力力偶的贡献;滑坡动力学参数反演中,利用近场地震波记录,考虑有限尺度的滑坡面,原则上我们不仅可以确定传统滑坡动力学参数,还有可能确定摩擦系数和流体压力等参数在空间上的变化分布.

     

板内地震的成因及全球地震活动的分布特征——内波假说对地震活动的解释

按内波假说的观点，讨论了典型板内地震即中国大陆地震的成因机制，认为造成地壳厚度分化的内波运动依靠地壳厚度差异中蕴藏的重力位能，推动地壳物质运动形成各种类型的板内地震。研究了全球地震活动的纬度分布特点以及地震活动与潮汐作用及大陆分布的联系，指出：外动力地质作用强烈的大陆因剥蚀、搬运和沉积以及负载重分布，使大陆地区始终达不到重力均衡，成为地壳运动的活动区，因而陆壳“地震能量发射强度”曲线具有类似于潮汐剪应力纬度分布的两极衰减、南北对称的特性。文中还探讨了深震及和达—贝尼奥夫带的成因，克服了用俯冲板块解释这一现象的困难。     

紫阳滑坡治理工程实例分析

本文介绍紫阳骨坡治理工程中有关抗滑桩的设计与施工。文中详细地论述了设计中设计人员应根据工程的具体情况去灵活处理的一些技术问题，如确定有关参数的选择原则，计算上的条件简化和一些具体技术细节的处理方法等．