GSTARS computer models and their applications, Part II： Applications

In part 1 of this two-paper series, a brief summary of the basic concepts and theories used in developing the Generalized Stream Tube model for Alluvial River Simulation （GSTARS） computer models was presented. Part 2 provides examples that illustrate some of the capabilities of the GSTARS models and how they can be applied to solve a wide range of river and reservoir sedimentation problems. Laboratory and field case studies are used and the examples show representative applications of the earlier and of the more recent versions of GSTARS. Some of the more recent capabilities implemented in GSTARS3, one of the latest versions of the series, are also discussed here with more detail.     

The role of hydrologic information in reservoir operation – Learning from historical releases

Closing the gap between theoretical reservoir operation and the real-world implementation remains a challenge in contemporary reservoir operations. Past research has focused on optimization algorithms and establishing optimal policies for reservoir operations. In this study, we attempt to understand operators’ release decisions by investigating historical release data from 79 reservoirs in California and the Great Plains, using a data-mining approach. The 79 reservoirs are classified by hydrological regions, intra-annual seasons, average annual precipitation (climate), ratio of maximum reservoir capacity to average annual inflow (size ratio), hydrologic uncertainty associated with inflows, and reservoirs’ main usage. We use information theory – specifically, mutual information – to measure the quality of inference between a set of classic indicators and observed releases at the monthly and weekly timescales. Several general trends are found to explain which sources of hydrologic information dictate reservoir release decisions under different conditions. Current inflow is the most important indicator during wet seasons, while previous releases are more relevant during dry seasons and in weekly data (as compared with monthly data). Inflow forecasting is the least important indicator in release decision making, but its importance increases linearly with hydrologic uncertainty and decreases logarithmically with reservoir size. No single hydrologic indicator is dominant across all reservoirs in either of the two regions.     

从沉积物组成变化看三峡水库蓄水对大宁河沉积环境的影响

对2006年10月采自长江重要支流大宁河中上游河底沉积物约42cm长的岩芯样品进行X射线衍射（XRD）、总碳（TC）和有机碳（TOC）分析。实验结果表明:（1）该研究时段内沉积物中主要的矿物类型是石英和方解石,总碳含量为33～57g／kg,有机碳含量为8～34g／kg;（2）沉积剖面中总碳和有机碳含量从10cm深的部位向岩芯顶部都发生了急剧的下降,沉积物颜色也在此处由灰色转为红褐色,这可能反映了三峡水库蓄水后,在较低的流速状态下,原来处于位置较高、含碳较低的褐红色粘土受水体淹没并被大量输入河流沉积物中,从而引起了泥沙沉积速率的迅速增加;（3）双龙沉积剖面中有机碳的变化结果还显示,在17～10cm深处沉积物有机碳含量大幅度增加,可能是本区域内该时段人类活动引起有机物质急剧输入到河流中的反映。      

遥感与地理信息系统在三峡库区城镇迁建选址中的应用研究

根据山地城镇建设的发展现状,运用遥感和地理信息系统技术工具,在获取、分析三峡库区综合环境指标的基础上,以巫山县为例,建立了巫山县空间环境数据库,并提出了巫山县县城修建性选址模型。此模型的建立可以为其他三峡库区城市迁建综合环境研究提供合理的方案和措施。       

The physico-chemical conditions of Turkwel Gorge Reservoir, a new man made lake in Northern Kenya

Variations in some physical, chemical, and nutrient conditions were investigated at Turkwel Gorge Reservoir and its inflowing river, Suam between 1994 and 1995. Seasonal changes in inflow volume had the greatest impact on the reservoir and river conditions investigated. A wide fluctuation in inflow volume combined with a regulated outflow independent of season resulted in a draw down of over 10 m in each year. Flood inflows during the wet season resulted in the lowest values of Secchi depth (range, 0.09–2.16 m), electrical conductivity (EC, range = 140–200 mS cm⁻¹) and total alkalinity (TA, range = 75–111 mg l⁻¹) while the highest values were measured during the dry season. A functional relation between EC and TA (TA = 0.529 mg l⁻¹, EC: R² = 0.876) suggests a predominance of carbonates among the anions. Vertical profiles of temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) revealed that the reservoir is monomictic with a wide variation in the depth of the daily mixed layer. High values of pH (range = 6.7–8.9) and DO (range = 4.9–9.2 mg l⁻¹) were associated with periods of peak phytoplankton photosynthesis while the lowest values followed reservoir mixing. Peak total nitrogen (TN, range = 119–526 μg l⁻¹) and total phosphorus (TP, range = 8.9–71.6 μg l⁻¹) levels during the wet season resulted from increased river loading. Values of dissolved reactive silica (DRS, range = 0.41–9.77 mg l⁻¹) showed a wet season decline which was related to diatom depletion during the wet season. Annual reservoir areal loading rates of 27.38, 10.90 and 408.5 mg m⁻² were computed for TN, TP and DRS respectively based on estimates of inflowing river loads in 1994.

At the inflowing river Suam, low levels of EC (range = 107–210 μS cm⁻¹) and TA (range = 62–125 mg l⁻¹) occurred during the wet season while the highest levels occurred shortly before the river dried up. The first flood water at the resumption of river inflow in March was characterized by very low levels of DO (range = 1.8–8.2 mg l⁻¹) and high levels of TN (range = 205–3354 μg l⁻¹) and TP (102–1259 μg l⁻¹). River pII (6.9–7.7) and DRs (range = 9.01–19.93 mg l⁻¹) varied irregularly throughout the year.     

福建水口水电站库区的塌岸问题

从环境地质角度,对水口库区的塌岸问题,即库岸再造现象进行监测研究,并对塌岸发展的最终宽度,稳定时间历程进行预测,为水电工程移民安置,库区开发建设提供借鉴。     

基于Landsat影像的近40年来(1982—2021年)三峡库区水面面积及其蒸发损失变化

三峡水库蓄水引起库区水位抬升,水面面积显著增加,对区域水文循环过程产生了一定影响。为揭示三峡水库蓄水前后水面面积及蒸发损失变化规律,选取三峡库区坝前至寸滩区间作为研究区,利用Landsat影像数据提取1982—2021年水面面积,分区建立水位与面积关系曲线,进而推求库区逐日水面面积。在估计三峡库区水面面积的基础上,结合站点潜在蒸发资料推求水面蒸发损失量。研究结果表明:2010年三峡水库全面运行后,坝前至寸滩库区平均水面面积由蓄水前的372.96km²,增加到761.31km²,较蓄水前增加了1.04倍。同时,三峡水库的蓄泄调节改变了库区河段原有的水文节律,使得库区水面面积的季节性变化特征较蓄水前发生了显著变化。蓄水后,冬季水面面积最大,平均为843.81km²,较蓄水前增加了1.89倍;秋季、春季次之,水面面积分别为818.73和735.28km²,较蓄水前分别增加了97.17%和1.28倍;夏季水面面积最小,为653.03km²,较蓄水前仅增加了39.06%。水库全面运行后,...     

新疆三塘湖盆地牛圈湖区块中侏罗统西山窑组储层特征及储层控制因素

为了探讨新疆三塘湖盆地牛圈湖区块中侏罗统西山窑组储层特征及储层控制因素,在沉积相研究的基础上,利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X-衍射、微米级X-CT扫描、恒速压汞等先进实验对研究区砂岩储层的岩石学特征、储层储集空间类型、尺寸分布、几何形态进行了综合分析,最终探讨了研究区储层品质的控制因素。结果表明:研究区微米级储集空间发育,储层储集空间类型以残余粒间孔、凝灰质溶孔为主,几何形态主要呈条带型;沉积微相类型、成岩作用、微裂缝对储层的物性具有重要控制作用,通过对研究区储层孔隙演化的定量计算,压实过程孔隙度损失为20.31%,压实作用较强;早期、晚期胶结作用造成的孔隙度损失为11.54%;溶蚀作用使得储层孔隙度得到了一定程度的改善,孔隙度增加6.24%。孔隙演化分析计算得出现今储层孔隙度与常规物性分析所得出的西山窑组平均孔隙度结果符合较好,误差仅为1.1%;综合考虑研究区储层物性、沉积特征、微观孔隙结构等因素进行储层综合评价,评价结果表明:研究区以Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类储层为主。     

道观河水库大银鱼移植生物学效应─2.摄食生态

根据１９９５年３月至１９９７年６月在道观河水库采集的大银鱼和浮游动物指标对不同生长期大银鱼的食物种类、主要食物出现率,肠充塞度以及鳃耙结构和饵料基础浮游动物进行了分析,得出大银鱼鳃惮距随体长增大而增大,所摄物亦由小到大;大银鱼食物种类与其环境中的饵料基础种类呈相反消长关系;肠充塞度与生长呈正相关关系。     

徐家河水库近太湖新银鱼(Neosalanx pseudotaihuensis Zhang)的性腺发育与产卵类型

利用斜生栅藻对山东禹城地区碳酸盐水型瘦水与肥水两种水体进行生物改良后,引种短钝蚤作室内培养试验,研究结果表明,短钝蚤在有适宜种类微藻作开始环境的先驱生物存在条件下,可以耐受碳酸盐型水质,并能成功地生长繁殖,本文还对３种培养液及两种培养模式下种群增长的动态规律作了初步的探讨。