Establishing a monitoring network for an impoundment-induced landslide in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China

A methodology for monitoring system of an impoundment-induced landslide in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China is introduced. Currently, based on landslide geological classification, the monitoring regions and methods which include types of monitoring instruments, placement and calibration precision of instruments, and appropriate periods for instrumental placement is confirmed. To optimize the monitoring system, sensitivity analysis of displacements and the water table in landslides affected by reservoir surface fluctuation is completed to determine the layout of the monitoring cross sections and the monitoring points. As a case study, the behavior of displacements and the potential fluctuation of the water table in the Shiliushubao landslide, produced by the gradual water impoundment at Three Gorges Reservoir, has been simulated using 3D finite element method analysis. The sensitivity analysis of Shiliushubao landslide is investigated by the fuzzy set evaluation method. As a result, the monitoring network of Shiliushubao landslide is established.     

低渗透油气资源勘探开发技术进展

通过对国内外低渗透油气资源的分类、资源量、分布状况、勘探开发技术研究现状的分析,指出低渗透油气层的识别和改造技术、钻采工艺技术是当前国际低渗透油气勘探开发技术研究的热点。当前和未来国际低渗透油气资源研究将主要关注:低渗透储集层优质储集体预测技术、压裂技术、水平井和多分支井技术、小井眼钻井技术、超前注水技术、层内爆炸增产技术、微生物采油技术等技术领域。我国今后需要进一步发展超深井钻井、沙漠山地等复杂地表条件高分辨率地震勘探和解释技术、复杂岩性油气层测井技术、低渗透含油区带优选技术、低渗透储层微观孔隙结构研究技术、低渗透储层裂缝先期预测技术、开发压裂优化注采系统技术、水平井、复杂结构井压裂技术、低渗透油藏注气提高原油采收率技术、小井眼钻井技术等。     

四川某水库右坝肩滑坡成因机制及稳定性分析

拟建水库右坝肩处于由砖红色砂岩夹薄层或透镜状泥岩、粉砂质泥岩构成的斜向V形河谷中,无明显断层构造,雨水充沛且存在一古滑坡,经过调查,滑坡主要由滑坡堆积体和滑动面以及其下方的扰动带组成,滑坡区发育的纵向和横向结构面以及岩层面构成一楔形槽。认为滑坡的成因是暴雨下楔形槽内控制的滑移-拉裂破坏。经过定性分析,古滑坡天然状态是稳定的。采用极限平衡法计算古滑坡在天然状态、地震作用以及暴雨等工况下的稳定系数分别为1.45、1.39及1.27,由此可知滑坡在天然状态下是稳定的,地震作用对其稳定性影响不大,但暴雨作用下滑坡的稳定性有所降低。最后通过数值模拟再现了现阶段古滑坡的应力应变场和变形破坏特征。     

三峡库区巴东新城区库岸三叠系巴东组层间软弱带

摘要 巴东新城区发育有黄土坡滑坡、赵树岭滑坡、太矶头滑坡、童家坪滑坡等多处大型古滑坡,研究库岸斜坡岩体结构特征对滑坡的治理有着至关重要的作用。本文基于巴东新城区白土坡和西壤坡两段库岸深300余米监测剖面的地质勘探资料,根据岩芯颜色、岩性和结构将巴东组第三段划分为24段;通过薄片鉴定、X射线衍射和岩芯精细测量分析库岸斜坡岩体处于滨海环境的海陆过渡相,岩性组合、岩层厚度、矿物组成及强度具有复杂的垂向分带特征;探讨了层间软弱带和大型滑坡的关系。研究表明:巴东新城区库岸斜坡巴东组第三段内发育有13层贯通的软弱带,表现为为富含泥质、结构破碎的泥质软弱夹层、构造碎裂岩、溶蚀改造带和软岩软弱带。在沉积成岩时经历了滨海相反复的海浸海退,软弱带多分布在沉积环境动荡的开阔台地（陆棚泻湖）和局限台地（潮间带）。巴东组第二、三段岩性及沉积环境属缓慢过渡,在构造作用下未发生明显的滑脱。沉积结构和后期构造共同作用形成了贯通软弱带,为大型滑坡发生提供了有利条件。三峡水库全面蓄水后,软弱带在地下水长期作用下必将加剧库岸斜坡的深部形变。     

目前多分量地震勘探中的几个关键问题

基于地震各向异性理论的多分量地震勘探技术已得到一定程度的应用,以解决复杂 油气藏的勘探问题. 然而在陆上油气勘探中,在多分量数据采集、处理方法和解释方面还存 在一些问题. 为此,本文针对多分量数据采集、处理、解释过程中的三分量检波器、观测系 统设计、各向异性处理方法和处理解释一体化进行了探讨. 指出在有关研究与应用时要特别 注意观测系统设计、各向异性处理模块的开发和处理解释一体化思路的实现,同时提出相应 的解决办法.     

三峡库区滑带土抗剪强度参数的统计规律研究

收集和整理了近年来三峡库区地质灾害防治工程中近400处滑坡的勘察资料,采用地质分析和工程地质类比法,指出三峡库区内存在5类易滑地层。运用K-S有限比较法,对3 308组抗剪强度参数试验数据分类进行了拟合优度检验,发现5类易滑地层中滑坡滑带土的c、? 值一般均能接受正态和对数正态分布,但c值与? 值相比,最优分布服从对数正态分布者更多,而服从正态分布者更少。针对区内滑带土普遍含有碎石的显著特点,对? 值与碎石含量的相关关系进行了线性回归分析发现滑带土? 值与含石量呈现良好的正相关关系。     

GSTARS computer models and their applications, Part II： Applications

In part 1 of this two-paper series, a brief summary of the basic concepts and theories used in developing the Generalized Stream Tube model for Alluvial River Simulation （GSTARS） computer models was presented. Part 2 provides examples that illustrate some of the capabilities of the GSTARS models and how they can be applied to solve a wide range of river and reservoir sedimentation problems. Laboratory and field case studies are used and the examples show representative applications of the earlier and of the more recent versions of GSTARS. Some of the more recent capabilities implemented in GSTARS3, one of the latest versions of the series, are also discussed here with more detail.     

The role of hydrologic information in reservoir operation – Learning from historical releases

Closing the gap between theoretical reservoir operation and the real-world implementation remains a challenge in contemporary reservoir operations. Past research has focused on optimization algorithms and establishing optimal policies for reservoir operations. In this study, we attempt to understand operators’ release decisions by investigating historical release data from 79 reservoirs in California and the Great Plains, using a data-mining approach. The 79 reservoirs are classified by hydrological regions, intra-annual seasons, average annual precipitation (climate), ratio of maximum reservoir capacity to average annual inflow (size ratio), hydrologic uncertainty associated with inflows, and reservoirs’ main usage. We use information theory – specifically, mutual information – to measure the quality of inference between a set of classic indicators and observed releases at the monthly and weekly timescales. Several general trends are found to explain which sources of hydrologic information dictate reservoir release decisions under different conditions. Current inflow is the most important indicator during wet seasons, while previous releases are more relevant during dry seasons and in weekly data (as compared with monthly data). Inflow forecasting is the least important indicator in release decision making, but its importance increases linearly with hydrologic uncertainty and decreases logarithmically with reservoir size. No single hydrologic indicator is dominant across all reservoirs in either of the two regions.     

从沉积物组成变化看三峡水库蓄水对大宁河沉积环境的影响

对2006年10月采自长江重要支流大宁河中上游河底沉积物约42cm长的岩芯样品进行X射线衍射（XRD）、总碳（TC）和有机碳（TOC）分析。实验结果表明:（1）该研究时段内沉积物中主要的矿物类型是石英和方解石,总碳含量为33～57g／kg,有机碳含量为8～34g／kg;（2）沉积剖面中总碳和有机碳含量从10cm深的部位向岩芯顶部都发生了急剧的下降,沉积物颜色也在此处由灰色转为红褐色,这可能反映了三峡水库蓄水后,在较低的流速状态下,原来处于位置较高、含碳较低的褐红色粘土受水体淹没并被大量输入河流沉积物中,从而引起了泥沙沉积速率的迅速增加;（3）双龙沉积剖面中有机碳的变化结果还显示,在17～10cm深处沉积物有机碳含量大幅度增加,可能是本区域内该时段人类活动引起有机物质急剧输入到河流中的反映。      

遥感与地理信息系统在三峡库区城镇迁建选址中的应用研究

根据山地城镇建设的发展现状,运用遥感和地理信息系统技术工具,在获取、分析三峡库区综合环境指标的基础上,以巫山县为例,建立了巫山县空间环境数据库,并提出了巫山县县城修建性选址模型。此模型的建立可以为其他三峡库区城市迁建综合环境研究提供合理的方案和措施。