Relationships between Genetic Diversity of Vascular Plant Species and Climate Factors

Genetic diversity is crucial for plants to respond to global climate change, and exploring relationships between genetic diversity and climatic factors may help predict how global climate change will shape the genetic diversity of plants in the future. So far, however, the extent and magnitude of the impact of climatic factors on the genetic diversity of plants has not been clarified. We collected data from 68 published papers on two widely used measures of genetic diversity of populations (average expected heterozygosity (He) and average observed heterozygosity (Ho)) and on localities of populations of 79 vascular plants, and extracted data on 19 climatic factors from WorldClim. We then explored the relationships between measures of genetic diversity and climatic factors using linear regressions. He of plant populations was significantly correlated with climatic factors in 58.7% (44) of the 75 species that used He as a measure of genetic diversity, and Ho was correlated with climatic factors in 65.1% (41) of the 63 species that used this genetic diversity measure. In general, Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter, Precipitation Seasonality, Precipitation of Driest Quarter and Temperature Seasonality played a vital role in shaping He, and Ho was mostly correlated with Precipitation of Warmest Quarter, Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter, Precipitation of Driest Quarter and Precipitation of Driest Month. Also, the proportion of the significant correlations between genetic diversity of populations and climatic factors was higher for woody than for herbaceous species, and different climatic factors played different roles in shaping genetic diversity of these two growth forms. Our results suggest that climate may play an important role in shaping genetic diversity of plant populations, that climatic change in the future may alter genetic diversity of plants, and that genetic diversity of different plant forms may respond to climatic change differently.     

室内可见光通信频域均衡技术DSP方法对比分析

对3种室内可见光通信传输技术的数字信号处理方法（DSP）,包括正交频分复用（OFDM）、单载波频域均衡（SCFDE）与单载波频分复用（SCFDM）进行了对比分析.通过峰值功率比（PAPR）和计算复杂度比较了3种方法的优劣.分析结果表明,SCFDE和SCFDM具有较低的PAPR,但SCFDM计算复杂度较高.此外,还使用白光LED灯针对3种调制解调方法建立了实验模型.实验结果表明,在VLC传输系统中,由于低PAPR特性,使得SCFDE和SCFDM在误码率（BER）和Q值方面的性能优于OFDM.     

地震前兆台网观测数据质量分析——中国地震背景场探测项目实施

地震前兆台网的运行直接影响产出的观测数据质量。观测数据平均连续率和平均数据完整率可以反映地震前兆台网的运行质量。对中国地震背景场探测项目试行期间(2014年)及正式启动后2015年度的观测数据质量,从以上2个指标进行分析,并对比原有仪器运行质量,可知背景场项目试运行期间,各学科台网投入仪器运行稳定,观测数据符合相关要求,总体质量良好,观测仪器可以投入正式运行。     

地磁绝对子夜均值年变化量空间分布特征

选用中国21个地磁基准台站2011年的绝对子夜均值数据,分析D、H、Z分量年变化量空间分布特征。结果显示,各分量年变化量等值线分布比较均匀,其中:D分量年变化量等值线大致沿南北向分布,零经线附近台站年变化量较小;H分量年变化量等值线大致呈U型分布,且中心点位于甘肃省;Z分量年变化量等值线沿纬线方向,随纬度减小而增大。     

钟祥地震台面波震级测定

整理钟祥地震台2012年至2016年6月全球M_S≥6地震目录,与中国地震台网中心发布的面波震级进行对比分析,统计发现,该地震台面波震级误差主要集中在-1.0—+0.5,为此分析误差存在的原因,并根据实际情况给出解决办法。     

TIN DEM线性内插不确定性的随机过程模型

基于随机过程模型导出了TIN DEM线性内插的随机过程模型,给出了不规则随机空间三角形的不确定性描述,讨论了TIN节点误差在线性内插中的传播问题。通过理论推导和实际算例,得到了TIN DEM线性内插点的点位方差和误差椭球半轴的解析表达式、线性内插精度最高点坐标的解析表达式,该结论与三角形的形状无关;对DEM线性外推导致精度急剧下降的必然性结论进行了理论证明;得到TIN线性内插的平均点位方差解析式,从理论上说明了本文结论的有效性。     

Stochastic and analytical approaches for sediment accumulation in river reservoirs

ABSTRACT

Sediment accumulation in a river reservoir is studied by stochastic time series models and analytical approach. The first-order moving average process is found the best for the suspended sediment discharge time series of the Juniata River at Newport, Pennsylvania, USA. Synthetic suspended sediment discharges are first generated with the chosen model after which analytical expressions are derived for the expected value and variance of sediment accumulation in the reservoir. The expected value and variance of the volume of sediment accumulation in the reservoir are calculated from a thousand synthetic time series each 38 years long and compared to the analytical approach. Stochastic and analytical approaches perfectly trace the observation in terms of the expected value and variability. Therefore, it is concluded that the expected value and variance of sediment accumulation in a reservoir could be estimated by analytical expressions without the cost of synthetic data generation mechanisms.     

Conditional spectrum bidirectional record selection for risk assessment of 3D structures using scalar and vector IMs

Several proposals are explored for the hazard and intensity measure (IM) consistent selection of bidirectional ground motions to assess the performance of 3D structural models. Recent studies have shown the necessity of selecting records that thoroughly represent the seismicity at the site of interest, as well as the usefulness of efficient IMs capable of estimating the response of buildings with low scatter. However, the advances realized are mostly geared towards the structural analysis of 2D models. Few are the combined record, and IM selection approaches suggested expressly for nonlinear dynamic analysis of 3D structural models, especially when plan asymmetry and torsion sensitivity come into play. Conditional spectrum selection is leveraged and expanded here to offer a suite of approaches based on both scalar and vector IMs that convey information from two orthogonal horizontal components of the ground motion. Applications on multiple 3D building models highlight the importance of (a) employing the same IM for both record selection and response assessment and (b) maintaining hazard consistency in both horizontal components, when using either a scalar or a vector IM. All tested approaches that respect these conditions can be viable, yet the one based on the geometric mean of multiple spectral ordinates from both components over a period range seems to hold the most promise for general use.     

秋季太湖水下光场结构及其对水生态系统的影响

水生态系统中光能的分配很大程度上决定了水生态系统的结构和功能,利用2007年11-12月太湖水体光学特性和组分浓度数据,对秋季太湖水下光场结构特征和水体组分光竞争能力的表征光学量(漫衰减系数、平均余弦)和影响因素(吸收系数比重)进行了分析研究.结果表明,秋季太湖水下辐照度呈现单峰分布,最高值为583nm左右:根据Kd可将黄质和非色素物质主导程度的强弱分为弱、较强、强三个等级;Kd(PAR)平均值为4.61±1.54m-1,水体真光层厚度平均值为1.11±0.35m;太湖水下光场的光能主要分布在青光和黄绿光波长范围内,约占总能量的60%,蓝光和红光波长范围内的能量约占30%,这样的光谱结构有利于铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻的生长.     

1950～2000年黄河入海水沙的逐日变化及其影响因素

对 195 0～ 2 0 0 0年的 5 1年黄河经利津水文站入海的逐日水沙实测资料进行统计分析 ,展示了黄河入海水沙的极端情况 ,如洪峰和沙峰等逐渐变少到消失的过程及逐日入海水沙量的变化规律 ,并对其影响因素进行了初步分析。结果显示 :在黄河年均入海水沙锐减的背景下 ,2 0世纪 90年代日均流量 <5 0 0m3 /s的天数增加到了是 2 0世纪 5 0年代的 3倍多 ;>2 0 0 0m3 /s的洪季流量由初期频发至 1997年消失 ;>40 0 0m3 /s的洪峰流量自 1989年以后消失 ;>60 0 0m3 /s的洪峰流量从 1986年就不再发生。 >5 0 0t/s的日均输沙率 (4 3 .2× 10 6t/d的沙峰 )都出现在 1989年以前 ;>70 0t/s的日均输沙率 (60 .5× 10 6t/d的沙峰 )出现在 1977年以前 ;含沙量 >80kg/m3 的历时和可能产生异重流的含沙量天数都逐步减少。进入 2 0世纪 90年代以来基本不存在大洪灾及由沙峰造成的河口河道快速堆积而使河流改道现象 ,引起这些变化的因素除降雨外主要为流域耗水量不断增加及大中型水库的建成运用等 ,黄河入海水沙的这种锐减及水沙峰的极端情况都会对河口演变和河口区的生态环境产生重要的影响。