Maps > Representation

Abstract

Colour is considered a key means of expression for use in cartographic works. This is because colours and the relations among them influence not only the aesthetic impression a map creates but also its overall utility. In addition to Newton’s spectral colour theory, today theories with origins in artistic technique are gaining ground in cartography. This article introduces J. Itten’s colour theory (first published in 1961 in The Art of Colour [Kunst der Farbe]) with special attention given to his concept of seven colour contrasts. The article also discusses the suitability and unsuitability of their application in practical cartography, and it contributes original examples employing thematic maps, a discipline with broad possibilities for the application of these inventive methods by today’s mapmakers.     

A Dealer's Perspective on the Future of Paper Maps

Abstract

The paper discusses changes that have occurred over the last 15 years in how maps are sold, where they are sold and who is buying them. The emphasis is on the situation in the United States of America, but developments in Europe and the United Kingdom are also included.     

The British Contribution to the Charting of the Adriatic Sea

In this paper, we present the results of an original research study that was based on the analysis of British charts of the Adriatic produced during and immediately after military operations undertaken by British forces and their allies against Napoleon in the Adriatic. We analyse the creation and production of British charts of the Adriatic from the first charting campaign of the Hydrographic Office of 1800–1801 to charts produced in the period of British rule over the island of Lissa of 1811–1815 to the first systematic hydrographic surveying of the Adriatic of 1817–1819 under the leadership of William Henry Smyth that resulted in the first hydrographic atlas and pilot book of the Adriatic. At the same time, the paper evaluates the British contribution to the creation of some of the first reliable nautical charts of the Adriatic and to the development of the nautical cartography of the Adriatic in general.     

The Potential of the Lenticular Foil Technique for Thematic Cartography

Abstract

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Lenticular visualisation methods are innovative advancements of modern presentation media in cartography. Owing to the mainly three-dimensional perception of people, this technique, in print as well as on screen, offers the possibility to introduce autostereoscopic, i.e. three-dimensional views in cartography. On the basis of true 3D, it has already found its way into the visualisation of relief relations. Moreover, it also opens perspectives for the more widespread products of thematic cartography (thematic maps). Multi-layered representation becomes possible on the basis of three-dimensional or sequentially differentiated depictions of spatial phenomena. Thus, several parameters or dimensions of cartographic content can be displayed at the same time. This essay discusses some potential applications of the lenticular foil technique for thematic cartography on a theoretical basis.     

Interactive Design of 3D Maps with Progressive Projection

Abstract

The progressive projection is by origin a manual cartographic technique, traditionally used by panoramic landscape painters; however, it is rarely encountered in digitally created three-dimensional (3D) maps. In this article, the advantages of this specific projection when designing 3D maps are presented, the processes involved in its manual construction, as well as the existing and potential digital implementation approaches, are reviewed. A new algorithmic solution is described, allowing for user-friendly interactive bending of a terrain model into a progressive view, with options to add a curved horizon, to vertically exaggerate the terrain, and to create a 360° strip panorama. The resulting software, Terrain Bender, is freely available for download.     

Mapping the London 2012 Olympics

Abstract

The London 2012 Olympic Games was a true spectacle of sporting achievement. It also provided the impetus for official organisations, news media and individuals to turn the vast amount of data into map form. This paper provides an outline of some of the cartographic highlights (and one or two lowlights) that the Olympics inspired. There were some great maps on view and also some interesting trends emerging, particularly in terms of web maps and web maps used as infographics. In particular, the Dorling cartogram saw widespread use, particularly to map medal tallies by online news media.     

基于objectARX的图幅自动接边算法的实现

为了解决地理信息中的图形信息存在图幅问图元的接边问题,利用C#语言调用ObjectARX托管封装类进行编程,建立AutoCAD接边命令,在AutoCAD环境下调用接边命令实现自动接边,提高数字化成图的效率和数字化地图的精度。     

高光谱端元自动确定与提取的迭代算法

针对端元提取算法依赖人工确定端元数量的问题, 提出一种端元自动确定与提取的迭代算法。首先, 通过统计分析获得像元相似性阈值, 确定候选端元判据;其次, 对候选端元进行内、外部相关性判断, 对端元光谱集进行病态矩阵规避判断;最后, 以候选端元判据为迭代终止条件, 当图像空间不存在候选端元时, 获得端元集合并确定端元数。实验结果表明, 该方法正确有效, 可以避免顺序端元提取方法的错误风险, 提高端元提取自动化程度。     

空间球状物体的数据采集与分析

本文推导了以球心三维坐标及半径为参数的平差模型,据此设计和完成了一个球面拟合程序,能够实现球半径已知或未知这两种情况的拟合计算。程序还可批量处理多个独立球体的观测数据,进行拟合结果与设计数据的自动匹配及对比。利用该程序对模拟数据进行分析,得出一些对采集方案有指导作用的结论。