策克台井下宽频带地震计GL?S120B正弦波标定衰减因子的讨论

为解决EDAS?24GN6数据采集器对策克台井下宽频带地震计GL?S120B进行正弦标定的过程中产生的响应波形限幅问题,分析了数据采集器?地震计这一系统的标定过程及原理,结合GL?S120B的幅频响应特征,推导出正弦标定频点参数中的频率f、衰减因子λ与标定响应波形限幅之间的关系。分析表明,在GL?S120B平坦响应频带内,为避免出现标定波形响应限幅,频率f与衰减因子λ的乘积应至少大于限幅下限50.93;而在其衰减响应频带内,由于地震计电压灵敏度的衰减,频率f与衰减因子λ的乘积最小取值也相应减小。据此,对衰减因子λ进行校正,并再次对GL?S120B进行正弦标定。标定及计算结果显示:标定波形未限幅,GL?S120B三分向幅频响应特征较为一致;灵敏度对出厂值的变化率保持在5%范围内。本研究结论可为采用EDAS?24GN6和GL?S120B地震观测系统的台站进行正弦波标定提供频点参数,并为其他台站解决正弦标定波形限幅问题提供分析依据。     

新的震级国家标准在陕西地震台网的应用

选取陕西地震台网及邻省共享台站记录到的2008年5月至2021年5月104次地震资料,应用新的震级国家标准GB 17740—2017《地震震级的规定》得到新国标震级。研究表明：①新的地方性震级M_L比原规范的M_L震级系统偏大0.3左右,这主要是二者的量规函数不同造成的;②宽频带面波震级M_{S （BB）}和矩震级M_W震级基本一致,无系统偏差,大多数地震震级偏差为-0.1—0.1;③宽频带面波震级M_{S （BB）}比面波震级M_{S （CENC）}整体偏小0.2,二者之间存在系统偏差;④绝大多数地震的面波震级M_{S （CENC）}比M_W偏大0.2—0.3,二者之间存在系统偏差。     

台阵地震计程控化正弦标定系统设计

为满足台阵地震计标定要求,通过对程控化标定测控仪和标定测控软件的研究,采用一种适用于台阵地震计的程控化正弦标定方法,对中国地震局地球物理勘探中心负责管理的台阵地震计进行标定。台阵地震计标定实验结果显示,采用程控化正弦标定方法,在缩短标定时长、提高标定效率方面具有显著效果。     

基于地震数据专家的子午链台站地磁自动化产品系统设计与实现

基于对子午链台站地震地磁前兆异常以及地球空间环境变化等研究方向的需求分析,利用网络、大数据、云计算等新技术,结合地震数据专家（DatistEQ）软件,设计子午链台站地磁指数报告自动产出系统。该系统通过低代码、敏捷式开发工作流程,连接不同功能节点,可以实现用户定制化、数据标准化、功能智能化的系统报告产出。通过本地或者云端一键流程化工作,将不同类型的数据发送到科研工作者或其他需求者,简化工作流程,优化数据处理,实现高效率产品产出。     

辽宁省积雪对自动气象站观测地气温差的影响

利用1971—2016年辽宁省61个气象站气温、地表温度、积雪日数和积雪深度资料,分析了积雪的保温作用及其对地气温差的影响。结果表明：更换自动站前后地表温度观测方式的差异导致地气温差显著增大,地气温差的增大程度受所在区域积雪日数、积雪深度的影响显著。在积雪期较长、积雪较厚的地区,积雪引起反照率增大,使得雪面温度降低,导致雪气温差减小,而雪的保温作用使得地气温差显著增大。因此,更换自动站前地（雪）气温差与积雪日数呈显著负相关,而更换自动站后地气温差与积雪日数呈显著正相关。各台站之间地气温差随积雪深度的变化系数差异较大,为0.045~0.858 ℃?cm^-1,在年平均积雪日数＜40 d、年平均极端积雪深度＜10 cm的区域,积雪的保温作用随积雪深度增大而显著增大;在年平均积雪日数＞40 d、年平均极端积雪深度＞10 cm的区域,10 cm以下的积雪对土壤保温作用随积雪深度增大显著,当积雪深度＞10 cm后,其保温作用随积雪深度增大的幅度明显减小。     

离心模型试验中微型土压力盒土压力测定

土压力作为离心模型试验中重要的测试参数,受土压力盒的性能、离心机数据采集系统稳定性及外部环境等诸多因素的影响,准确地测量土压力较为困难。土压力盒作为土压力测试元件,其性能对土压力测量准确性有直接影响。为获得较为准确的土压力测试数据,结合离心机数据采集系统,选择两种常见的电阻应变式土压力盒。通过标定试验得出两种土压力盒砂标系数均小于出厂标定系数,Ⅰ型偏小64.75%,Ⅱ型偏小18.77%,Ⅱ型土压力盒与出厂数据的重合度比Ⅰ型好;在研究墙高10～30 m类扶壁式挡墙侧向土压力分布的离心模型试验中,与Ⅱ型土压力盒相比,Ⅰ型存在按出厂系数测得数据失真、灵敏度低和稳定性差的缺点。标定试验和离心试验结果表明,接入自行组建的数据采集系统的Ⅱ型土压力盒比接入静态应变数据采集系统的Ⅰ型土压力盒性能更佳。     

VS垂直摆倾斜仪标定数据的合理选取及计算程序

针对垂直摆标定格值普遍存在超限问题,分析其原因主要是标定数据的选取不合适,没有消除标定电压差值中的潮汐变化量,本文通过推导、计算,介绍一种新的标定数据选取方法,该方法能够剔除潮汐变化量和一些高频的干扰变化,并编写了标定数据处理和格值计算程序,该计算方法已经得到了武汉地震研究所胡国庆教授的认可。目前,在张家口台、怀来台、阳原台、赤城台投入使用,达到了预期效果,提高了标定格值精度。     

Genealogical concordance,comparative species delimitation,and the specific status of the Caspian pipefish Syngnathus caspius (Teleostei: Syngnathidae)

To evaluate the specific validity of the Caspian pipefish Syngnathus caspius, we used a comparative molecular species delimitation method on a COI barcode library of Syngnathus, as well as principles of genealogical concordance. Comparative species delimitation allowed us to delineate putative species without a priori assignment of individuals to nominal species, while genealogical concordance extended our species delimitation results to multiple genes, multiple codistributed species, and comparisons with biogeographic evidence. All species delimitation analyses including two topology‐based, one network‐based, and one distance‐based analysis showed genetically isolated lineages of pipefish in the Black and Caspian Sea, corresponding to S. abaster and S. caspius, respectively. Mean evolutionary divergence between the two lineages (0.029) was within the range separating species of Syngnathus (0.024–0.217). The interclade/intraclade ratio of variation was comparable to the operational criterion of divergence between clades greater or equal to 10 × the level within clades to recognize separate species. Our argument on taxonomic validity of S. caspius is also supported by the principles of genealogical concordance as a conceptual basis for recognition of biological species. As a second objective, using a limited number of S. caspius specimens from two semi‐confined water bodies along the Caspian Sea south coastal zone (i.e., Anzali Wetland in the west and Gorgan Bay in the east), we searched for a possible matrilineal structure. The retrieved phylogeographic pattern was characterized by a shallow genealogy and lineage distributions varied, most probably caused by low to modest contemporary gene flow between populations of S. caspius across the southern Caspian Sea that are linked tightly through history.     

Calibration method affects the measured δ2H and δ18O in soil water by direct H2Oliquid–H2Ovapour equilibration with laser spectroscopy

The direct H₂O_liquid–H₂O_vapour equilibration method utilizing laser spectroscopy (DVE-LS) is a way to measure soil pore water stable isotopes. Various equilibration times and calibration methods have been used in DVE-LS. Yet little is known about their effects on the accuracy of the obtained isotope values. The objective of this study was to evaluate how equilibration time and calibration methods affect the accuracy of DVE-LS. We did both spiking and field soil experiments. For the spiking experiment, we applied DVE-LS to four soils of different textures, each of which was subjected to five water contents and six equilibration times. For the field soil experiment, we applied three calibration methods for DVE-LS to two field soil profiles, and the results were compared with cryogenic vacuum distillation (CVD)-LS. Results showed that DVE-LS demonstrated higher δ²H and δ¹⁸O as equilibration time increased, but 12 to 24 hr could be used as optimal equilibration time. For field soil samples, DVE-LS with liquid waters as standards led to significantly higher δ²H and δ¹⁸O than CVD-LS, with root mean square error (RMSE) of 8.06‰ for δ²H and 0.98‰ for δ¹⁸O. Calibration with soil texture reduced RMSE to 3.53‰ and 0.72‰ for δ²H and δ¹⁸O, respectively. Further, calibration with both soil texture and water content decreased RMSE to 3.10‰ for δ²H and 0.73‰ for δ¹⁸O. Our findings conclude that the calibration method applied may affect the measured soil water isotope values from DVE-LS.     

Estimating groundwater recharge for a freshwater lens in an arid region: Formative and stability assessment

The formation of subsurface freshwater lenses on top of brackish groundwater is a fascinating hydrologic phenomenon that creates groundwater supplies of great potential value in arid regions. Information on the recharge quantity and mechanism of these lenses is both scarce and uncertain. This study examines the formation and macroscale stability of the Rawdatain freshwater lens in Kuwait, for which significant pre-development data are available. The Rawdatain is a large (150 million m³) subsurface freshwater lens overlying brackish groundwater compared to the other freshwater lenses in the Arabian Peninsula. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) density-dependent groundwater flow model is tested against the following data targets to estimate long-term diffuse and focused groundwater recharge: (i) groundwater head, (ii) total dissolved solids (TDS) groundwater concentration, (iii) volume and vertical thickness of stored groundwater of three different water quality TDS ranges (0–700, 700–1000 and 1000–2000 mg/L) and (iv) geometrical shape features of the lens along cross-sections. To better represent the spatial variation in TDS, six different recharge zones were assigned to allocate diffuse and focused recharge conditions. Twelve recharge rate scenarios, encompassing a wide range of feasible long-term average annual recharge values (200,000–5,000,000 m³/year), were tested against the multiple targets and compared with the groundwater age of the Rawdatain lens. Based on comparison with data targets, the long-term average annual recharge is estimated to be 500,000 m³/year. Scenarios of reduced recharge, which may occur due to changes in land-use or climate, demonstrate the extremely slow response of the lens, which is in agreement with the slow development and formation of the lens (>2,000 years). Within a 100-year time frame, a 50% reduction in annual recharge reduces the lens volumes by 21, 17 and 9% for the three water quality categories, respectively. This study demonstrates the stability of freshwater lenses in arid regions and also provides methodology for similar focused rainfall recharge freshwater lenses.