Exploring the role of topography in small channel erosion

Erosion caused by concentrated flows in agricultural areas is responsible for important soil losses, and rapid sediment transfer through the channel network. The main factors controlling concentrated flow erosion rates include the erodibility of soil materials, soil use and management, climate and watershed topography. In this paper, two topographic indices, closely related to mathematical expressions suggested by different authors, are used to characterize the influence of watershed topography on gully erosion. The AS1 index is defined as the product of the watershed area and the partial area‐weighted average slope. The AS2 index is similar to the AS1 but uses the swale slope as the weighting factor. Formally, AS2 is the product of the watershed area and the length‐weighted average swale slope. From studies made using different ephemeral gully erosion databases, it is shown that a high correlation consistently exists between the topographic indices and the volume of eroded soil. The resulting relationships are therefore useful to assess soil losses from gully erosion, to identify the most susceptible watersheds within large areas, and to compare the susceptibility to gully erosion among different catchments. This information is also important in studying the response of natural drainage network systems to different rainfall inputs. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

坡耕地增长对沟谷发育的影响——以四川西昌大箐梁子为例

为了研究近50 a来土壤加速侵蚀的状况和原因,收集了四川西昌大箐梁子1957年、1979年、2000年航空影像,应用立体像对获取高程信息生成DEM,并利用DEM纠正航片获取正射影像。同时,利用三期正射影像获取土地利用变化和沟谷变化信息,通过野外调查与验证,分析了沟谷形成、发育特点及与坡耕地增长的密切关系。研究表明,西昌大箐梁子沟谷发育,到1957年已形成部分稳定或半稳定冲沟,1970年代后期,大量草地被开垦为耕地,且多为坡耕地,土壤抗蚀能力降低,土壤侵蚀由此加剧,沟蚀增强,人为加速了沟谷侵蚀的发育。     

Assessing soil erosion rates in cultivated areas of Navarre (Spain)

Although there is much evidence of intense soil erosion in cultivated areas of Navarre (Spain), information on it is currently scarce. Rill and ephemeral gully volumes can be used as a guide to minimum erosion rates. With the main purpose of determining the annual soil loss rates in cultivated areas of central Navarre, a detailed assessment of rainfall and of rill and gully erosion was made in 19 small catchments from October 1999 to September 2001. Seventeen of them were randomly selected, and were cultivated with winter cereals, vineyards or sunflowers. The other two catchments were selected to represent partially uncultivated lands abandoned for ten years. Channel cross‐sections were measured by using a 1‐m‐wide micro‐topographic profile meter, describing 632 cross‐sections and processing information from 31 600 pins. Erosive events happened every year in the three study areas. For cereal catchments, soil losses occurred in only one or two rainfall events each year, usually at the end of autumn and in some summers, with high erosion rates (0·20–11·50 kg m^?2 a^?1). In vineyards, soil losses occurred several times per year, and in any season. This is attributed to the small percentage of surface covered by the crop throughout the year. Again, high erosion rates were found (0·33–16·19 kg m^?2 a^?1), with ephemeral gully erosion causing more loss than rill erosion. No‐till is proposed as an effective conservation measure. From this large data set, it can be stated that rill erosion and ephemeral gully erosion are widespread in Mediterranean regions, and that much more attention should be paid to the problem. Abandoned fields showed very high erosion rates (16·19 kg m^?2 a^?1 on average), suggesting that the abandonment of marginal lands without implementing any erosion control can lead to severe erosion rates. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

四川布拖县扎台沟泥石流微地貌及成灾特性

扎台沟为一老泥石流沟,历史上曾多次发生过泥石流。通过野外考察、实验分析和理论计算,扎台沟流域面积4.86km2,主沟长4.53km,主沟平均纵比降420‰。共发育5条主要支沟,流域切割密度2.19km/km2,源头海拔3100m,沟口海拔1197m,主沟相对高差1903m,与西溪河以62°交角汇入。扎台沟为中高频率-中大规模粘性泥石流沟,目前已辩明,近1000a内至少发生过3次大规模泥石流,泥石流重度2.0t/m3,沟道堵塞系数1.5。扎台沟50a一遇和100a一遇泥石流流量分别为155.77m3/s和178.19m3/s;50a一遇和100a一遇泥石流固体物质冲出量分别为16.39×104m3及18.14×104m3,是一条中度危险的泥石流沟,对下游水电站其中一处拟选坝址有一定影响。如无法避开扎台沟泥石流对拟选坝址的影响,可考虑对该泥石流沟采取选择性整治工程措施。     

一种事件沉积的标志——陆相流水波痕

本文从现代洪水事件作用可以形成大片不对称流水波痕入手,“将今论古”,发现古代地层剖面中也有大量水下至水上的沉积旋回序列,每个旋回单元与下伏岩层为突变接触。水下沉积环境富含不对称流水波痕,水上则为富含泥裂,它们系为洪水事件沉积产物。这些洪水事件具有不同的规模和级别,在地学上具有重要意义。     

流域地貌演化的不同阶段沟壑密度与切割深度关系研究

主要探讨了在流域地貌演化的不同阶段,沟壑密度与切割深度的复杂关系,建立了沟壑密度随切割深度变化的理论极值模型及相应阶段的函数,补充了各演化阶段地貌形态要素的定量、定性描述;反之,可用沟壑密度与切割深度的关系推断流域地貌的演化阶段。     

某水电站库区泥石流发育特征及其非线性特性研究

通过对某水电站库区内12条主要的泥石流沟从沟道数与流域面积,沟道数与主沟长,沟道数与沟谷坡降关系上研究了库区内泥石流沟发育的非线性特征,并通过其双对数曲线方程得到了各自的分维数,其意义是在对泥石流危险度评判中为各因素权重的求取提供一个定量的手段,并据此可利用非线性技术来解决泥石流灾害研究中的预测及防治等主要问题,为泥石流灾害防治提供新的思路。     

黄土塬区坡面及小集水区泥沙输移比变化特征

文章首先推荐了计算泥沙输移比SDR时，所需侵蚀量、输移量的量测方法：侵蚀量用坡长为20m（水平距）、宽5m直线坡，在不同降雨及土地利用下，通过小区出口断面的泥沙量；输移量为坡长大于20m的径流小区小集水区出口处的拦蓄量。然后通过黄土塬区坡面坡度为9%的30m、40m、60m径流小区9年野外实验所得45组有效数据的分析，发现单宽最小径流率qmin和最大含沙量ρmax可判别坡面泥沙侵蚀与输移的对比关系，即输移比SDR，并依据这些参数值，可将侵蚀输移状态划分为“侵蚀——输移区”，“侵蚀——堆积——输移区”和“侵蚀——输移挠动区”3个侵蚀输移状态类型区，同时通过研究给出了各区之间过度转换临界值的计算公式，即ρmax=11.96 0.117qmin和qmin=0.187ρmax-85.676。并能过对21条塬面不同面积（0.5hm^2-41.3hm^2）、坡长（30m-965m)小集水区淤积（输移量）的测量，将测量值与标准小区侵蚀量作对比，计算出各自的输移比SDR，并分别建立了SDR与坡长L、SDR与集水面积A的关系式，即SDR=2.85L^-0.306和SDR=0.735A^-0.151，为快速估算塬面小集水区泥沙输移比SDR值提供了方便。最后，分析了植被覆盖、土壤含水状况、人为活动等其它基因素对泥沙输移比SDR的影响。     

济阳坳陷陈家庄凸起东南坡古冲沟沉积充填特征

利用最新的三维地震和钻井、测井等资料,对济阳坳陷陈家庄凸起东南坡古冲沟的地质特征和沉积充填特征进行了探索性研究。边界大断层——陈南断裂的活动控制冲沟的形成。边界断层活动初期,冲沟内充填有近源快速堆积的冲积扇扇根的粗碎屑砂体。断陷的扩张深陷期,靠近冲沟的底壁和测壁为稍长反射段的杂乱地震相,为扇三角洲根部较粗的砂质碎屑。湖盆收缩或萎缩期,冲沟内部发育有极强振幅、平行、高连续的反射相,冲沟的充填相与东营凹陷的河流一三角洲淤浅沉积相吻合,构成一个完整的沉积体系。在对古冲沟的地质特征和沉积充填特征进行研究的基础之上,对古冲沟的油气储集性能进行了概要评价,认为冲沟内由同沉积断层的逆牵引作用所形成的逆牵引背斜与冲沟内常见的前积相反射砂体和深湖相泥页岩相配置,可能构成有利的油气聚集部位。