Characteristics of axially-sourced turbidite sedimentation on an active wedge-top basin (Annot Sandstone,SE France)

In order to develop viable depositional models for wedgetop basins, the control exerted by active structural relief on turbidite depositional patterns should be well understood at different scales (from limb slope to interconnected synclinal troughs). This is particularly the case for systems with axial sediment supply, for which little data are available. This paper presents a detailed field study of two depocentres in the Upper Eocene – Lower Oligocene Annot Sandstone of the alpine foreland basin of SE France, which was fed axially from the Corsica–Sardinia Massif to the south. The depocentres are partially preserved in a series of outliers. The Annot outlier preserves turbidites deposited on the gently dipping limb of an asymmetrical syn-depositional syncline, while, to the north, the NE Grand Coyer outlier preserves highly confined turbidites deposited on a steep and complex synclinal limb. Structural, stratigraphic and sedimentological data demonstrate that these turbidite depocentres were controlled by active folding and faulting, including oblique structures. Structural controls were more complex on the steep eastern synclinal limbs than on shallowly dipping western limbs. Integration of palaeocurrent data allow feeder pathways and their evolving interconnections to be traced between successive downstream depocentres in space and time. A 3D depositional model for axially supplied active wedgetop depocentres is proposed and compared to transversely fed wedgetop systems, particularly in terms of facies distributions and variations in reservoir quality. Axially supplied systems are marked by a higher lateral confinement and, as a consequence, are more sensitive to relief created by oblique structures. As a result facies distributions are more strongly controlled by (active or inactive) substratum relief than by intrinsic flow properties, leading to a higher potential for stratigraphic traps.     

1005号热带气旋“乌鲁伊”移动路径分析

利用欧洲格点资料,应用天气学方法,从环流场演变、B效应、不对称结构等方面对1005号热带气旋“乌鲁伊”活动过程进行了分析,探讨了“乌鲁伊”不同阶段路径变化的原因．结果表明,澳大利亚大陆高压维持稳定以及热带气旋“托马斯”与“乌鲁伊”之间的相互作用是“乌鲁伊”西行北抬的根本原因．在“乌鲁伊”台风西行过程中,中高纬度环流场进行强烈调整是引起“乌鲁伊”移动路径南翘西折的关键,大陆高压在低纬向“乌鲁伊”北侧嵌入、以及地面气压场上从北指向南的气压梯度力突然增强,对热带气旋“乌鲁伊”移动路径南翘有直接影响．对西风指数的分析表明,“乌鲁伊”的南翘过程与西风指数从最低值484．4m。／s。向644．3m。／s。升高过程相对应,“乌鲁伊”移动路径西折与西风指数维持在644．3m。／s。以上有关．500hPa位势高度梯度场分析表明,热带气旋“乌鲁伊”从东向西、向南、向西南稳定移动过程中,东南侧和西北侧等梯度线中心数值的差值几乎为0,呈现出对称分布的特点;在热带气旋“乌鲁伊”南翘、西折时,东南侧与西北侧等梯度线数值发生显著变化,南翘时差值为一16．6m／s。,西折时差值则为12．0m／s。．500hPa位势高度梯度场的变化对“乌鲁伊”南翘西折路径具有很好的预示作用．     

四川松潘水沟墩沟泥石流成因和动力学特征及其对铁路工程的影响评价

泥石流是山区常见的地质灾害之一,具有运动快速、暴发突然、能量巨大等特点。本文根据现场调查。分析了水沟墩沟泥石流形成条件、流域特征,计算了泥石流的容重、流速、流量、冲出量、淤积厚度等动力学参数,并对其危险性做了定量评价．总结了水沟墩沟泥石流对铁路工程危害模式“先冲-又淤-再冲”。提出了对水沟墩沟泥石流采用相关的减灾防灾措施,供铁路部门制定相应的泥石流防止对策,有益于对成兰铁路线的长远安全运行和服务提供科学保障。     

Estimating parameters of the channel width–flow discharge relation using rill and gully channel junction data

Eroding channels can usually be characterized by a power relationship between channel width (W) and channel discharge (Q). This paper examines the WQ relation using a recently developed channel junction approach to extend the validity of the WQ relation and to develop a procedure for estimating the WQ exponent and proportionality coefficient. Rill and gully channel data from the literature, and new data collected in different badland areas and in a few forest mountain streams, are analysed. Analysis shows that the WQ relation for channel width collected in badlands and forests agrees with trends observed for cropland. The exponent increases with increasing channel width in a continuous fashion rather than in a step‐like way and tends to a maximum whose value ranges between 0·5 and 0·6. The proportionality coefficient can be split into two terms, one expressing the case in which an eroding channel can broaden, the other reflecting the difficulties in removing the less erodible clods or rock fragments from the channel bed. Its splitting allows the development of a more correct form of the WQ relation in agreement with modern approaches of channel geometry: one part has the dimension of a discharge and makes the power base dimensionless, while the other brings the dimension of a length, needed for the channel width, into the WQ relation. The interpretation of the two constants is supported by data collected in rainfall‐runoff simulation experiments conducted in the field. Values characterizing the two constants in some environments are also given. Nevertheless the approach is not sufficiently parameterized yet to be of practical use (e.g. in models or for estimating peak discharge in areas where rill channels have formed). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅埋偏压隧道洞口坍方数值分析与处治

某公路隧道在进洞时出现坍方。针对该隧道工程的实际情况,建立数值分析模型,采用ANSYS程序模拟隧道施工力学行为,从围岩塑性区分布、位移以及锚杆和混凝土衬砌内力分布情况分析隧道变形和坍塌发生的原因。结果表明：隧道浅埋偏压、围岩力学性质差及施工支护不当导致坍方。结合工程实际提出洞内加固、地表注浆加固及开挖控制的综合处治方法,取得了理想的效果,为日后类似工程提供借鉴与参考。     

The characteristics of gully erosion over rolling hilly black soil areas of Northeast China

In this study, short-term gully retreat was monitored from the active gullies selected in representative black soil area, using differential global positioning system (GPS). With the support of geographic information system (GIS), multi-temporal digital elevation models (DEM) were constructed from the data collected by GPS and used for further analysis. Based on the analysis of multi-temporal DEM, we discussed the erosion–deposition characteristics within gully and a developing model for black soil gully area of Northeast China was proposed. The results are: (1) The analysis of the monitored gully data in 2004 indicated that the retreat of gully head reached more than 10 m, gully area extended 170–400 m2, net gully eroded volume 220–320 m3,and gully erosion modulus 2200–4800 t?km?2?a?1. (2) Compared with the mature gully the initial gully grows rapidly, and its erosion parameters are relatively large. The erosion parameters have not only to do with flow energy, but also with the growth phase. (3) There are significant seasonal differences in gully erosion parameters. The extension of gully area and width dominates in winter and spring without marked net erosion while changes mainly occur in gully head and net erosion in rainy season. (4) It is remarkable for freeze-thaw erosion in the black soil area of NE China. The gully wall of SG2 extended 0.45 m under freeze-thaw effect in 2004, and the distance of gully head retreated maximally 6.4 m. (5) Due to freeze-thaw action and snowmelt, gully is primarily in the interior adjustment process in winter and early spring. There are much more depositions compared with that during rainy season, which can almost happen throughout the gully, while erosion mostly occurs near head, esp. for gullies having a relatively long history of development. On the other hand, the process of energy exchange with exterior dominates in rainy season. It is considered that this cyclic process is an important mechanism for gully growth in high latitude or/and high attitude regions.     

MODELING EPHEMERAL GULLY EROSION FOR CONSERVATION PLANNING

1INTRODUCTIONEphemeral gully erosion,which is caused by concentrated flow within cultivated farm fields,is distinct from rill erosion.Ephemeral gully erosion is also distinct from gully erosion in permanent,deep,incised channels,formed by headcuts moving upstream.Ephemeral gully erosion is often overlooked.It is not estimated with rill-interrill erosion prediction technology such as the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(Renard et al.,1997),and it is often not measured in field survey…     

四川省北川县赵家沟地震次生泥石流形成条件分析

赵家沟位于北川县擂鼓镇坪上村西北侧,属汶川地震极重灾区,在地震发生前为一般性清水沟或洪水沟。由于地震的影响,流域内发育了多处滑坡和崩塌,斜坡上和沟道中堆积了大量松散固体物质。在2008年9月24日暴雨的作用下,赵家沟流域发生了百年不遇的泥石流灾害,成为地震次生泥石流沟。通过现场实地调查和室内分析,对地震次生泥石流灾害形成的地质地貌条件、物源条件和水源条件进行了分析。表明地震次生泥石流灾害的发生频率和规模有可能加大,其危险性由于松散固体物质的增大而上升,这是地震次生泥石流灾害显著的特征。     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON A DYNAMIC ASYMMETRICAL TYPHOON INITIALIZATION SCHEME BASED ON 4D-VAR

Axisymmetric bogus vortexes at sea level are usually used in the traditional bogus data assimilation (BDA) scheme. In the traditional scheme, the vortex could not accurately describe the specific characteristics of a typhoon, and the evolving real typhoon is forced to unreasonably adapt to this changeless vortex. For this reason, an asymmetrical typhoon bogus method with information blended from the analysis and the observation is put forward in this paper, in which the impact of the Subtropical High is also taken into consideration. With the fifth-generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) and its adjoint model, a four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) technique is employed to build a dynamic asymmetrical BDA scheme to assimilate different asymmetrical bogus vortexes at different time. The track and intensity of six summer typhoons much influenced by the Subtropical High are simulated and the results are compared. It is shown that the improvement in track simulation in the new scheme is more significant than that in the traditional scheme. Moreover, the periods for which the track cannot be simulated well by the traditional scheme can be improved with the new scheme. The results also reveal that although the simulated typhoon intensity in the new scheme is generally weaker than that in the traditional scheme, this trend enables the new scheme to simulate, in the later period, closer-to-observation intensity than the traditional scheme. However, despite the fact that the observed intensity has been largely weakened, the simulated intensity at later periods of the BDA schemes is still very intensive, resulting in overly development of the typhoon during the simulation. The limitation to the simulation effect of the BDA scheme due to this condition needs to be further studied.     

天津市地质灾害-气象预报预警方法探讨

天津市蓟县山区面积727km2,以中低山和低山丘陵地貌形态为主,在强降雨和持续降雨条件下发生泥石流、滑坡等地质灾害的可能性客观存在。历史上地质灾害已给当地造成了一定的人员伤亡及财产损失。为了加强突发性地质灾害预防工作,提高人民群众的防灾意识,天津市2004年开始开展地质灾害-气象预报预警工作,取得了一定的效果。针对天津市山区面积较小、地质灾害事件较少的特点,目前常用的地貌分析———临界降雨量模型判据法具有一定的局限性,预报成功率较低。在区域性地质灾害-气象预报预警工作的基础上,开展单点泥石流灾害气象预报预警工作非常必要。对容易发生泥石流灾害的主要沟谷,通过现场调查可以获取沟谷的形态特征参数(沟谷的高差、纵坡的坡度、沟长、流域面积等)。以临界降雨量为变量因子,对每个监测沟谷建立泥石流灾害气象预警预报模型,可以很大程度提高预报的针对性。模型需要在实践中不断检验和完善,逐步提高预报的准确率。