低温灰分仪的研制与应用

介绍低温灰分仪的原理、结构、主要技术性能及测试实例。其测试结果与高温灰化相比,煤中矿物质除石膏变为烧石膏外,其它矿物质仍然保持原貌,其成本低,精度高,操作简便。      

Spatial Distribution of Shelf- and Slope-Dwelling Fishes Collected by Bottom Longline off Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, Canary Islands

Abstract. A total of 1789 fish belonging to 38 families and 73 species were collected at depths between 18 and 1102 m during 216 bottom longline operations off Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, between February 1994 and December 1995. For each species the depth distribution is provided. Length-weight and depth-size relationships are reported for three shelf-dwelling species. The bigger-deeper relationship found in two of them contrasts with the bigger-shallower pattern of the deeper living trichiurid Lepidopus caudatus . In November 1997, nine additional bottom longline operations were carried out off eastern Fuerteventura at depths between 805 and 1217 m. In this area, after earlier studies in October 1995, a spawning aggregation of the morid Mora moro was encountered for the second time. The catches of 1997 revealed a strongly male-biased sex ratio. Also, the males showed a significantly lower gonadosomal index than two years earlier. These findings indicate slight interannual variations in reproductive timing and an earlier arrival of male Mora moro at the spawning grounds. Clear variations in the number of fish collected at adjacent sites possibly reflect a preference for distinct microhabitats. Preliminary evidence of local upwelling of cold water above the spawning grounds is provided by satellite imagery.     

粉煤灰中污染离子淋释试验及其运移模型

通过对不同介质条件下粉煤灰中污染离子的淋释实验,得出一些离子淋释规律,在此基础上,对粉煤灰中淋释污染离子在地下水中的浓度变化从理论上给出两种数学模型      

用伽玛—伽玛测井的低能组分测定煤灰分的可能

伽玛—伽玛测井中的散射伽玛射线低能部分的强度和地层的原子序数有关,因而能用来对煤层的灰分值作原位测量。对8个矿区164个煤样的计算表明,这种用煤层等效原子序数来确定灰分值的方法对煤的变质程度、水分含量变化不敏感,但对灰的元素组成变化,尤其是Fe     

粉煤灰土壤及所产蔬菜的有害元素含量变化和环境意义

利用南京第二热电厂湿排的粉煤灰,进行了改良蔬菜土壤的试验,并对试验用的粉煤灰、不同施灰量的土壤及所产蔬菜共３８ 个样品的有害元素和放射性元素含量进行了系统的测定。结果表明：这些元素在土壤中的含量与粉煤灰施用量无明显相关性;在本次试验范围内施用粉煤灰没有造成土壤的污染;其所产蔬菜的这些元素含量也均低于国家卫生标准限值,食用是安全的。     

某电厂灰场北侧东邵庄地质灾害产生原因及治理设想

本文从某电厂灰场北侧东邵庄村地质灾害现象入手,对灰场－东邵庄村的原生环境水文地质条件和次生环境水文地质条件进行了研究。通过对比该区十多年地下水补,迳,排情况,目前地下水水质与灰场灰水关系,明确了灰场水体阻滞区域地下水迳流是东邵庄村地质环境恶化的主要原因。笔者在总结前人治理灾害经验的基础上,提出了一些进一步的治理设想。     

粉煤灰污染影响萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)种复合体空间分布的原因

为探讨粉煤灰污染影响萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)种复合体在灰湖、汀棠湖和凤鸣湖分布的生态学机制,本文研究了曝气自来水(对照)、20％、40％、60％、80％和100％的澄清灰湖水对采自三湖泊中的轮虫姐妹种Ⅰ和汀棠湖中的轮虫姐妹种Ⅱ的种群增长率、混交雌体数/非混交雌体数、携卵雌体数/不携卵雌体数和休眠卵产量的影响.结果显示,无论实验用水中的澄清灰湖水含量如何,来自三湖泊的轮虫姐妹种Ⅰ均具有较高的种群增长率(0.52～0.85 d-1)和休眠卵产量(1.60～12.11ind./(4d·5ml)),这为轮虫的扩散、种群的建立和种群间的基因交流提供了可能.汀棠湖轮虫姐妹种Ⅱ种群中的混交雌体数/非混交雌体数和休眠卵产量均极低,对照组中的混交雌体数/非混交雌体数和休眠卵产量均为0,这是存在于汀棠湖和凤鸣湖中的轮虫姐妹种Ⅱ无法通过扩散而出现在灰湖中的主要原因.澄清灰湖水的含量仅对汀棠湖中两轮虫姐妹种的种群增长率具有显著的影响.各浓度的澄清灰湖水使轮虫姐妹种Ⅰ的种群增长率显著高于对照组,60％、80％和100％的澄清灰湖水使轮虫姐妹种Ⅱ的种群增长率显著高于对照组,这表明粉煤灰污染导致已报道的相关水体中轮虫种群密度的下降并非由于其中所含的污染物(较高浓度的碱性氧化物、硫化物和金属元素等)和水体pH值的改变等对轮虫的直接毒性作用.     

稻壳灰加筋土力学性能研究

稻壳灰与土体混合应用,一方面废弃资源再利用,环保,又可增强土体强度。通过三轴试验,研究不同比例稻壳灰混合黏土及其加筋土应力?应变性能、强度特性以及不同应变水平下模量、偏应力及加筋强度比等土体变化特征。试验结果表明,随稻壳灰比例增加,混合土最大干密度显著减小,最优含水率显著增加。添加不同比例稻壳灰对加筋土抗剪强度有较大影响,10%～15%稻壳灰比例下,加筋稻壳灰混合土初始切线模量和应力峰值达到最大,抗剪强度较优。与土工织物加筋稻壳灰混合土相比,土工格栅加筋稻壳灰混合土偏应力及抗剪强度更大,土工格栅层数对土体抗剪强度增大效果更明显,对应的应力?应变曲线拐点也更突出。试样弹性模量与稻壳灰比例及筋材种类、层数有关,加入稻壳灰后,土体弹性模量增长显著,土工格栅加筋稻壳灰混合土较优比例下可增加1.5倍多,稻壳灰及筋材均能有效提高土体强度。随加筋层数增加,稻壳灰混合土加筋强度比明显增大,与围压关系较小。     

火电厂粉煤灰的矿物磁性及其环境意义

火电厂排放的粉煤灰是重要的大气颗粒污染物之一,利用粉煤灰的磁性监测环境污染是新近发展的新手段。应用矿物磁测技术和X射线衍射对浙江省主要电厂排放的粉煤灰的矿物磁性特征和磁性矿物学,以及与重金属元素的关系进行了研究,结果表明粉煤灰具有较高的磁化率（X）、软剩磁（IRM20mT）和饱和等温剩磁（SIRM）值,粉煤灰频率磁化率（Xfd）的平均值为2．5％,磁性矿物以多畴（MD）颗粒存在,粉煤灰的剩磁矫顽力（BCR）在42～53mT之间。矿物测试结合X射线衍射分析表明粉煤灰中的氧化铁矿物以FeO4和Fe2O3-α为主,粉煤灰的磁化率与Fe、Mn、Pb、Zn、Cu、CA含量呈显著线性正相关,相关系数（r）分别是0．924,0．866,0．725,0．756,0．945和0．867,磁化率可作为粉煤灰中重金属元素含量的代用指标。     

Assessment of micro‐aggregation using laser diffractometry

In order to evaluate the influence of the measuring technique on the determination of (micro‐)aggregation in soil and sediment samples, results of grain size distributions of undispersed silty soil samples obtained by the sieve‐pipette method are compared with those obtained using a laser diffraction grain size analyser, the Coulter LS‐100. Reduced major axis relationships are calculated which may be used to convert Coulter LS‐100 results to those obtained by the sieve‐pipette method. The relationships obtained are very similar to the reduced major axis relationships established for dispersed silty soil samples. The results also show that the Coulter LS measurements have a systematic bias compared to the sieve‐pipette data. This implies that, if the percentage of (micro‐)aggregation is determined, the (interpretation of the) results will be strongly dependent on the measurement technique used. Using the calibration relationships that were established, nomographs can be developed to predict the level of sieve‐pipette (micro‐) aggregation from Coulter LS‐100 data. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.