Analysis of resistance factors for LRFD of soil nail pullout limit state using default FHWA load and resistance models

Abstract

Resistance factors for load and resistance factor design (LRFD) of pullout limit state of both permanent and temporary soil nails are calibrated against a wide design space using the current Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) nail load and resistance models. The calculated resistance factors were shown to scatter broadly among design scenarios that differ in wall face batter, soil friction angle, nail ultimate bond strength, and surcharge live load. An important lesson learned from the analysis results is that the current practice of using a single resistance factor for LRFD of nail pullout limit state could not result in uniform reliabilities across different design scenarios. Simple artificial neural network (ANN) models were developed for computation of resistance factors. Design examples demonstrated the ability of the ANN models in providing resistance factors that yield satisfactory and consistent reliabilities in different nail pullout designs.     

Meio-epifaunal wood colonization in the vicinity of methane seeps

In deep-sea environments, plant remains of several origins are found, including branches, twigs, leaves, and wood pieces, among others. As most of the deep-sea bottoms are oligotrophic and nutrient-limited, plant remains provide an oasis of localized organic enrichment and a substrate for colonization. Sunken wood was suggested to play an important evolutionary role in the diversification of chemosynthetic ecosystems, possibly representing stepping stones for the colonization between vent and seep ecosystems. In order to understand colonization processes of the Pacific Costa Rican meio-epifaunal assemblages associated with sunken wood, a field experiment was conducted on Mound 12 (8°55.778′N, 84°18.730′W) at ~1,000 m water depth. Woodblocks were placed in four different habitats (Mussel beds, tube worms, near mussel beds, rubble bottoms), and different local environmental conditions (seepage-active and seepage-inactive sites). Seven experimental Douglas fir woodblocks (each 1,047 cm² in surface area) were deployed from the R/V Atlantis using the manned submersible Alvin in February 2009 and recovered after 10.5 months in January 2010. Sample processing and analyses led to a data set of abundance (total 9,951 individuals) and spatial distribution of nine meio-epifaunal higher taxa/groups. Meio-epifaunal densities on individual woodblocks ranged from 3 to 26 ind.10 cm². Copepods accounted for the highest abundances (75.1%), followed by nauplii larvae (11.7%) and nematodes (9.8%). The maximum number of individuals (26.3 ind.10 cm⁻²) was found in blocks placed in seepage-inactive areas (near active mussel beds) in contrast to 2.9 ind.10 cm⁻² in active areas (within a mussel bed). A hierarchical cluster analysis grouped blocks according to seepage activity and not to habitat, but tests of similarity showed no significant differences in higher taxon composition and abundances, probably owing either to substrate homogeneity or low sample size. Copepods were the most abundant representatives, suggesting that this group is one of the most successful in colonizing in the early stage of succession, in this case while hardwood substrates are not yet decomposed or bored by bivalves.     

人工海岸生态化改造及修复效果评价指标体系研究

海岸作为海洋资源开发、沿海经济发展的重要支撑,大量人口、产业向海岸带区域聚集,高强度的人类活动导致海岸带环境日益恶化、自然岸线严重受损、海岸带资源锐减。海岸整治修复成为保护海岸带生态环境、恢复海岸带资源的重要技术手段。为评价人工海岸生态化改造及整治修复工作效果,基于国内外学者对海岸生态修复的研究成果,综合考虑生态指标、经济指标和功能指标三方面,筛选出50项产出性指标构建人工海岸生态化改造及修复效果评价指标体系,力求科学全面、客观合理地评价人工海岸整治修复效果,为人工海岸生态化改造及整治修复工作的检查、考核以及验收提供参考依据。     

基于双隐层ANN模型的叶绿素a浓度智能预报方法

利用2019年5月WZ02生态浮标监测数据,建立了两种不同隐层人工神经网络(ANN)模型的叶绿素a(Chl-a)智能预报方法,并对单隐层和双隐层模型的预测结果做了对比.结果表明:双隐层结构预测结果精度更高,泛化能力更强,一定程度上说明了深层学习比浅层学习对信息的主要特征提取能力更有优势.同时,对数据样本集合进行了系统预...     

石羊河下游人工梭梭林土壤呼吸变化特征及其与水热因子的关系

土壤呼吸不仅是反映土壤生物活性的重要指标,也是全球碳循环研究中备受关注的热点问题。在地处典型干旱区的石羊河下游,以流动沙丘和去除土壤结皮人工梭梭林为对照,采用LI-8100土壤碳通量监测系统研究了栽植约40 a、30 a、10 a和5 a的人工梭梭林生长季和非生长季的土壤呼吸日变化,并分析了土壤水分和温度对土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明：（1）不同林龄梭梭林生长季和非生长季土壤呼吸速率的日变化均为明显的单峰曲线,且呈现出一定的波动性,日最大排放速率出现在12:00～14:00时,最小值出现在8:00时左右。（2）梭梭林营造和去结皮处理显著提高了沙漠土壤呼吸速率,而且不同林龄土壤呼吸速率大体上随着种植年限的增加而递增,表现为MC >40 a>30 a>10 a>MS >5 a,非生长季表现为MC >40 a>10 a>5 a>30 a>MS。（3）不同林龄梭梭林土壤呼吸速率均具有明显的季节变化特征,生长季（8 月）的土壤呼吸作用明显强于非生长季（1月）。（4）相关性分析表明,生长季和非生长季土壤呼吸均与0～5 cm土壤水分显著相关,且均呈二次曲线关系,分别为Y =-0.205 8X ²+0.946 5X-0.316 6（R ² =0.506 ²,P= 0.041 7）和Y= 0.118 7 X ²+0.156 3X+0.118 8（R ²=0.675 7,P =0.001 1）;但与10 cm土壤温度的相关性不显著,土壤水分是影响人工梭梭林土壤呼吸的关键因素。该研究进一步证明了人工梭梭林的营造有效改善了沙漠土壤的生物活性,提高了土壤碳通量水平,以土壤结皮破坏为基本特征的人工梭梭林退化和沙漠化必然在短期内加剧碳排放。因此,需要在沙漠地区合理营造人工林,并在造林和林业管理过程中注意保护土壤结皮,以减少CO²排放。     

运用人工鱼群算法的3D扫描碎片重建探究

针对传统三维碎片拼接匹配过程中依赖单一特征及存在误差累积的问题,提出了一种运用鱼群算法的全局最优匹配方法。该方法先对碎片点云数据进行多特征提取,结合纹理、专家经验信息对混合在一起的多种类型碎片进行粗糙集分类,之后采用鱼群算法的最优解求得最佳匹配方案。实例验证所提全局匹配方法具有能力强、与初始位置无关及较强的稳健性等特点,为三维碎片的全局匹配提供了一种有效的解决方案。     

Simulation of urban expansion via integrating artificial neural network with Markov chain – cellular automata

Accurate simulations and predictions of urban expansion are critical to manage urbanization and explicitly address the spatiotemporal trends and distributions of urban expansion. Cellular Automata integrated Markov Chain (CA-MC) is one of the most frequently used models for this purpose. However, the urban suitability index (USI) map produced from the conventional CA-MC is either affected by human bias or cannot accurately reflect the possible nonlinear relations between driving factors and urban expansion. To overcome these limitations, a machine learning model (Artificial Neural Network, ANN) was integrated with CA-MC instead of the commonly used Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Logistic Regression (LR) CA-MC models. The ANN was optimized to create the USI map and then integrated with CA-MC to spatially allocate urban expansion cells. The validated results of kappa and fuzzy kappa simulation indicate that ANN-CA-MC outperformed other variously coupled CA-MC modelling approaches. Based on the ANN-CA-MC model, the urban area in South Auckland is predicted to expand to 1340.55 ha in 2026 at the expense of non-urban areas, mostly grassland and open-bare land. Most of the future expansion will take place within the planned new urban growth zone.     

一例异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)暴发性出血病病原分析

2016年6月,江苏某异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)养殖场暴发一种传染性急性出血病,造成养殖银鲫大量死亡。为分析此次疾病病因及流行规律,本研究从发病养殖场采集患出血病的异育银鲫,从细菌、病毒及寄生虫三个方面对病原进行了分析。采用病原菌分离、组织病理学观察、超薄切片电镜观察、病毒核酸分析、回感实验等对病原进行鉴定。结果显示从发病鲫鱼体内分离到病毒一株,未发现寄生虫及细菌感染。经测序及序列分析,该病毒为鲤疱疹病毒Ⅱ型(Cyprinid herpesvirus2,CyHV-2)病毒,组织病理学观察结果显示患病鱼的鳃和肾脏有明显病变,电镜下可观察到病鱼脾脏组织有带囊膜的球形病毒,囊膜直径约为170—200nm,病毒衣壳直径约为110—120nm,核心直径约为60nm,用组织匀浆感染鲫鱼囊胚细胞系(CGB)可稳定地观察到典型的细胞病变,用患病鱼组织匀浆液人工感染异育银鲫的死亡率高达100%,荧光定量PCR检测到该病毒可感染多器官,其中以脾脏中病毒含量最高,其次是脑,肝脏中最少。本研究可为CyHV-2的诊断防控及疫苗研制提供资料。     

岬湾海岸中人工岛建设对岬角涡旋及海湾地形冲淤的影响——以海南岛铺前湾为例

岬湾海岸中一般在岬角的右侧与左侧（面向大海方向）分别发育顺时针与逆时针涡流。这些涡流的存在对泥沙输运、海底地形演变、污染物扩散等都具有重要影响。而在海洋中岛屿的存在将产生局部的岛后尾流。如岛屿与岬角距离较近,岛后尾流可能与岬角涡旋相互作用,反之则相互影响较小。本文以海南岛铺前湾为例,研究在岬湾海岸中湾口处的人工岛建设对湾内涡旋的影响,并进一步分析人工岛建设对整个海湾海底冲淤变化的效应。本项研究主要采用COAWST模型进行研究。结果表明,大潮期在海湾内发育大范围的顺时针涡旋,小潮期涡旋发育不明显,以东向余流为主。人工岛建设并未影响整个海湾的涡旋结构,但人工岛分隔了湾内顺时针涡旋,且在周围产生局部的逆时针与顺时针涡旋。海底冲淤变化的基本格局为湾内以淤积为主,人工岛建设加强了这种趋势,但在人工岛与岸线之间的狭窄通道内,海底出现冲刷。本项研究对岬湾海岸的科学开发管理具有一定意义。     

茅山竹矿断层气定点观测场地勘选

拟在茅山断裂带沿线布设若干个断层气连续观测点,建组断层气观测网。以茅山竹矿地区为例,通过断层气测量的初步结果,结合地质、人工地震、跨断层短水准等多种手段联合分析研究区断层的活动性,从而确定断层气定点观测的点位,为组建断层气观测网的选点提供借鉴和参考。