Simulated groundwater interaction with rivers and springs in the Heihe river basin

Surface water and groundwater in the Heihe river basin of China are interconnected and the pattern of water resources exploitation has a direct effect on the interaction of groundwater and surface water, especially on a downstream oasis. A three‐dimensional groundwater flow simulation model with eight model layers was established to simulate the regional groundwater flow in the multilayered aquifer system and the interaction among the rivers, springs, and groundwater. The model was calibrated not only with historical water levels but also with the investigated baseflow and spring flux. The simulation results of the numerical model match reasonably well with the observed groundwater levels, baseflow to rivers, and spring flux. The numerical simulation also demonstrates that the hydraulic connection between the river and the aquifers has transferred from the coupling to decoupling at some reaches. It is suggested that there is a vital need to reduce groundwater withdrawal and to rationalize the use of both groundwater and surface water in order to maintain sustainable development in the study area. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

色达—松潘断块温泉水文地球化学特征及成因分析

为查明色达—松潘断块地热资源赋存状态及热源来源,以四川黑水县内3处温泉(热水塘、上达古、卡龙沟)为研究对象,采集温泉水样进行水化学分析和同位素测试,研究地热水的补给来源和热储温度。研究结果显示,热水塘温泉的地下水化学类型为HCO₃-Na型,上达古温泉和卡龙沟温泉的地下水化学类型为HCO₃-Ca型,补给水源主要为大气降水,补给高程分别为5 121 m、3 890 m、3 921 m。结合矿物饱和指数,采用SiO₂地热温标计算3处温泉的热储温度,分别为119.036 ℃、49.034 ℃、30.215 ℃。综合分析认为研究区地下热水的成因主要为大气降水经高山补给区入渗至储集层,吸取地下深部向上传导的热量和放射性元素衰变释放的热量,并与围岩发生水-岩作用形成地下热水,在断裂发育部位热水沿断裂带向上运移,最后在地表出露形成温泉。     

A life detection problem in a High Arctic microbial community

Fluorescent labeling of bacterial cell walls, DNA, and metabolic processes demonstrates high (potentially single molecule) sensitivity, is non-invasive, and in some cases can differentiate strains and species. Robust microscopes such as the custom instruments presented here can provide good image quality in the field and are potentially suitable for flight. However, ambiguous or false-positive results with bacterial stains can occur and can create difficulties in interpretation even on Earth. We present a “real” life detection problem in a sample of biofilms taken from the Canadian High Arctic. The samples consisted of numerous small sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and larger structures resembling fungi or diatoms. The identity of these latter structures remained ambiguous until electron microscopy and X-ray spectroscopy were performed, indicating that they were unusual sulfur minerals probably precipitated by the bacterial communities. While such mineral structures may possibly serve as biosignatures after the cells have disappeared, it is important that they not be mistaken for cells themselves. It is also possible that unusual mineral structures will be performed under extraterrestrial conditions, so great care is needed to differentiate cell structures from minerals.     

Experimental–numerical investigation on the seismic behaviour of moment‐resisting timber frames with densified veneer wood‐reinforced timber joints and expanded tube fasteners

This paper investigates the seismic behaviour of moment‐resisting timber frames with beam‐column joints fastened with expanded tubes and reinforced with densified veneer wood. Laboratory experiments are carried out on single joints to investigate the cyclic behaviour and, more specifically, the impairment of strength, the ductility ratio and the equivalent viscous damping ratio. A phenomenological numerical model is proposed, where the beams and columns are schematized using linear‐elastic beam elements, and the joints with non‐linear hysteretic spring calibrated on the results of the experimental tests. The model is used to analyse some representative moment‐transmitting structures characterised by different number of bays and storeys. After an estimation of the lateral load‐carrying capacity using a pushover analysis, the numerical model is used to estimate the behaviour factor. An incremental dynamic analysis is performed using a set of accelerograms spectrum consistent with a chosen design spectrum. The analyses lead to an estimation of the behaviour factor of 3 and 6 for a portal frame and a five‐storey, three‐bay frame, respectively, which confirms the highly dissipative behaviour of this kind of moment connection. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鄂尔多斯白垩系自流水盆地沉积特征、岩性分布与盆地演化规律

鄂尔多斯白垩系含水盆地是国内特大型自流水盆地,沉积相和盆地演化是影响含水岩组发育特征以及含水性的重要因素之一。笔者从盆地边界特征、盆地结构、沉积环境背景以及沉积物特征入手,着重探讨了盆地演化与含水岩组分布规律、含水岩组沉积相与含水性之间的关系。结果发现早白垩世时,盆地以南北向为轴、东西非均衡沉降,盆地结构东缓西陡,极不对称。盆内发育的洛河、环河华池和罗汉洞3个主要含水岩组受盆地构造演化和沉积相控制,洛河组最发育,分布面积最广,环河华池组以及罗汉洞组比较局限,同时在盆地西部沉降中心区分布的地层厚度明显大于周缘抬升带。随盆地沉积环境变化,沿盆缘以冲积扇、河流相和三角洲平原分流河道相砂砾岩和砂岩沉积为主,盆内由风成沙漠相、三角洲前缘相和湖泊相砂岩和泥岩组成。其中洛河组风成沙漠相砂岩,因产状稳定、覆盖面积广、岩性组分和结构成熟度高、孔渗性能好、杂基和有害可溶组分含量低,顶底板及边界隔挡岩性空间匹配关系合理,形成了自流水盆地最理想的含水层。     

Mound springs of the Great Artesian Basin in South Australia: a case study from Olympic Dam

 The mound springs of South Australia are a unique groundwater discharge feature of the Great Artesian Basin (GAB), a deep regional groundwater system that covers 22% of the Australian continent. They are the principal sources of surface water in the arid to semi-arid inland heart of Australia, and have great ecological, scientific, anthropological and economic significance. Excessive development of the Great Artesian Basin over the past century by European activity has seen an overall decline in the flows from the springs. Recent development of the water supply borefields for the Olympic Dam copper-uranium mine in the midst of one the most important spring groups has exacerbated this problem. A review of the history of the Olympic Dam borefields, an analysis of the impacts on the Mound Springs, and future recommendations for the return of environmental flows and protection of the springs is presented. Received: 9 November 1998 · Accepted: 23 February 1999     

江西省横迳温泉区地热气体地球化学

从赣南横迳温泉区采集10个水样并分析了温泉及冷泉的水化学成分,认为热水起源于大气降水补给。在此基础上,还在温泉区采集了4个气样,测定了气体组分的含量及氦同位素．以及CO₂和CH₄的碳同位素。研究结果表明：横迳地区温泉气中CO₂的含量很高(>96％),δC_CO2较重(-4.43‰～-5.50‰),属幔源CO₂;He同位素特征值(R/Ra)变化于1.36～2.11之问．均大于1,有幔源He的加入;本区温泉气的的组合类型为二氧化碳幔源温泉气,从整体上来说属于幔源无机成因气,是地幔脱气的产物。     

南秦岭缺碘区的紫阳县发现富碘泉

陕西紫阳县地处南秦岭大巴山北麓,是陕西省也是全国著名的贫困地区和碘缺乏区。笔者选择9个流量大,泉水涌出量在一年内变化不太明显的泉水采样。在96年和97年春季2～4月间各采泉水样3次,共6次。     

The Role of Groundwater in the Salt Lakes in the Badain Jaran Desert,China

正The Badain Jaran Desert is the second largest desert in China with tallest sand dunes on the earth.In contrast to the extremely dry climate,there are about 100 lakes spreading regularly over the depressions among high     

不同植被条件下表层岩溶泉动态变化特征对比研究－－以广西马山县弄拉兰电堂泉和东旺泉为例

以广西马山县弄拉岩溶动力系统监测站为例, 通过人工及自动记录, 分别对表层岩溶泉水的物理、化学指标的多日和昼夜变化规律进行了研究。在不同的植被条件下, 水的物理、化学指标的多日与昼夜动态变化有不同的表现。在次生林条件下, 泉水物理化学指标动态变化相对稳定:电导率较高, 在599～ 603μs/cm之间, 钙离子浓度变化在73～90mg/ l 之间, 岩溶作用强度较大;在灌丛条件下, 泉水电导率较低, 为435～460μs/cm, 钙离子浓度在52～83mg/l 之间, 多日和昼夜变化幅度较大, 说明灌丛区表层岩溶泉更易受地表环境变化的影响, 敏感性更强, 总体上岩溶作用强度不及次生林区。