The carbon isotope composition of C<Superscript>3</Superscript> herbaceous plants in loess area of northern China

¹³C of 367 C₃ herbaceous plants was measured in loess area in northern China. Their δ¹³C values vary between −21.7%. and −30.0%., with a mean of −26.7%.. In the center of Loess Plateau (semimoist area) with annual precipitation of 400–600 mm, the δ¹³ C values of C₃ herbaceous plants range from −24.4%. to −28.5%., with a mean of −27.5%.. In the west of Loess Plateau (semiarid and arid area) with annual precipitation less than 400 mm, they range between −21.7%. and −30.0%., with a mean of −26.2%.. Annual precipitation is the main factor that makes δ¹³C values of C₃ herbaceous plants in the west greater than those in the central Loess Plateau. The composition of δ¹³C in C₃ plants increases with deceasing annual precipitation, and the mean change is −49%./100 mm.     

西藏北部雄梅-曲松波地区早白垩世多尼组及沉积环境探讨

在西藏北部区域地质调查过程中,发现多尼组岩性自西向东有一定的变化。西区(雄梅地区)下段为深灰、灰、浅灰色微、薄层状粉砂质泥岩、粉砂岩、细砂岩韵律层;中段为成熟度略高的细、中、粗粒石英砂岩韵律层;上段为新建立的地层单位达过火山岩,为中性火山岩。东区(曲松波地区)下段以黄绿、灰绿、土黄色中细砂岩为主夹少量粉砂岩及含砾粗砂岩;中段为灰绿、黄绿、紫、灰紫色粉砂岩、细砂岩韵律层;上段为新建立的地层单位弄巴砾岩,为紫色粗砂岩、砂砾岩、砾岩。多尼组呈带状分布于班公错-怒江缝合带与永珠蛇绿岩带之间。在研究区内多尼组以海岸砂堤及海滩沉积环境为主;研究区以西以浅海相沉积环境为主;研究区以东以潮坪泻湖及沼泽沉积环境为主。中特提斯海东部海岸在多尼组早期可能在研究区以东,中期可能曾移至西区,晚期可能移至东区。这一结论确定了多尼组沉积时期中特提斯海海进、海退过程,它为研究中特提斯海的演化历史、古地理轮廊的确定及青藏高原的形成演变历史提供了新的资料。     

The importance of hydrogeological and hydrological investigations in the residential area: a case study in Burdur,Turkey

Water resources in residential areas are negatively affected by floods. In addition, many aquifers are contaminated as a result of urbanization. Great damage caused during earthquakes are partly attributed to the residential pattern which ignores the potential effect of groundwater. Hydrogeological and hydrological surveys must be carried out in the residential areas to determine the interaction between water and residential development of all types.Recent hydrogeological and hydrological investigations regarding the impact of urbanization were made for the city of Burdur (Turkey). To evaluate the effect of earthquakes on groundwater, groundwater isohypse and groundwater isopach maps were prepared showing most of the buildings within the Burdur city boundaries, which are in the areas where groundwater depth is less than 10 m. This is considered a critical depth for liquefaction during an earthquake. Lowering of the groundwater table has to be considered as one of the alternatives in reducing earthquake hazards. The chemical makeup of groundwater was also determined to consider its relationship to contamination and possible effects upon the foundations. Streams flowing across the Burdur residential area formed a flooding risk. Results of the peak flow analysis can be used to design improvements for the city. Maps of the best residential development areas have been prepared by using hydrological and hydrogeological results.     

重庆合川自流井组植物化石的发现

描述了发现于合川自流井组东岳庙段的三种似木贼植物化石,即Equisetites flus Harris,E．1ateralis(Phillips)和E．columnaris(Brongn．)Phillips。标本保存良好,依据植物和双壳类化石的分布关系,提出自流井组东岳庙段的时代为早侏罗世晚期至中侏罗世早期。同时,分析了东岳庙段的岩相特征和沉积环境。     

西北干旱地区凝结水试验研究

采用称重法,分别在非冻结期和冻结期,对不同土质的土样进行凝结水观测试验,分析讨论凝结水发生的条件、凝结水发生的时间、凝结水形成的主要影响因素、积雪条件下的凝结水、凝结水的数量及其变化以及凝结水的生态环境意义,研究成果对于认识干旱地区凝结水的形成机制及其生态环境意义具有重要价值.     

中扬子区海相沉积盆地性质研究

分析了中扬子区海相沉积盆地基底和层序充填特性;研制了M判别图解,研究了沉积盆地的性质,认为盆地基底具有三分性,盆地层序充填具有阶段性和分区性,沉积盆地主体具有克拉通盆地的特点和性质。     

黑龙江镜泊湖地区全新世玄武岩的地球化学特征及其深部过程探讨

镜泊湖地区全新世玄武岩分布在镜泊湖西北方向的“火山口森林”地区和蛤蟆塘地区。这两个地区相距只有１５ｋｍ,但其玄武质岩石在岩石学上具有明显的区别,前者为碱性橄榄玄武岩,后者为白榴石碱玄岩,并且具有钛角闪石、金云母和歪长石巨晶,而前者则没有这些巨晶。对它们的地球化学特征研究表明,两个地区的玄武夺石虽然均属于偏钠质的碱性玄武岩,但是白榴石碱玄岩相对于碱性橄榄玄武岩总体上具有高的Ａｌ２Ｏ３、Ｎａ２Ｏ、Ｋ２     

赣南地区煤矿分布规律及找煤方向

赣南地区各含煤岩系及煤矿（田）产布特征,具有东西向成片、北北东向成行,受东西向与北北东向推昨合控制的分布规律。因此,深入研究推覆构造系统的特点及其控煤规律,从而确定出煤系“构造窗”、覆于煤系之上的“飞来峰”,甚至辨认出覆于煤系之上的大片外来岩席（包括花岗岩外来岩席）,是确定找煤方向和预测隐伏煤矿（田）的重要途径。     

Spacial organization on the rural settlements in plain areas—taking Pinghu city in Zhejiang of China as an example

1 Spacial Organization Optimizing Theory 1.1 The centeral place theoryThe "centeral place theory" hypothesizes that there is a region: (1) the region is a uniform plain; (2) the motion of economic activities in regions can be carried through in every directions forever; (3) the purchasing power of residents is a successive and uniform distribution; (4) the movement of consumers has rationality in space, namely, proceeding by the shortest distance. The rural settlements as the central place of…     

Gullying and erosion control at archaeological sites in Grand Canyon,Arizona

Gully erosion of cultural sites in Grand Canyon National Park is an urgent management problem that has intensified in recent decades, potentially related to the effects of Glen Canyon Dam. We studied 25 gullies at nine sites in Grand Canyon over the 2002 monsoon–erosion season to better understand the geomorphology of the gully erosion and the effectiveness of erosion‐control structures (ECS) installed by the park under the direction of the Zuni Conservation Program. Field results indicate that Hortonian overland flow leads to concentrated flow in gullies and erosion focused at knickpoints along channels as well as at gully heads. Though groundcover type, soil shear strength and permeability vary systemat‐ically across catchments, gradient and, to a lesser degree, contributing drainage area seem to be the first‐order controls on gully extent, location of new knickpoints, and ECS damage. The installed ECS do reduce erosion relative to reaches without them and initial data suggest woody checkdams are preferable to rock linings, but maintenance is essential because damaged structures can exacerbate erosion. Topographic data from intensive field surveys and detailed photogrammetry provide slope–contributing area data for gully heads that have a trend consistent with previous empirical and theoretical formulations from a variety of landscapes. The same scaling holds below gully heads for knickpoint and ECS topographic data, with threshold coefficients the lowest for gully heads, slightly higher for knickpoints, and notably higher for damaged ECS. These topographic thresholds were used with 10‐cm digital elevation models to create simple predictive models for gully extent and structure damage. The model predictions accounted for the observed gullies but there are also many false‐positives. Purely topographical models are probably inadequate at this scale and application, but models that also parameterize the variable soil properties across sites would be useful for predicting erosion problems and ECS failure. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.