Benefits and impediments for the integrated and coordinated management of European seas

New multi-sectoral policies with a regional implementation are developed when maritime states recognise the importance of managing the marine environment under an ecosystem-perspective rather than a use-perspective. In Europe, the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) is the first attempt to promote an integrated management of the seas from the coastline to the limit of the Exclusive Economic Zone. This paper shows that, nine years from the MSFD adoption, there remain several ecological, economic, social and governance challenges. Using information gathered in a dedicated survey of the European Union Marine Strategy Coordination Group and in the recent literature the paper identifies the obstacles preventing a successful regional cooperation and policy integration. The survey indicates that the MSFD coordination structures are, in general, well-developed but there is an apparent lack of political will to coordinate actions at the regional level. Member States request greater flexibility to implement the Directive but they put their national interests before the benefit of a coherent and integrated approach for the entire region. Differences in budget, economic sector predominance, lack of staff and the MSFD short time-scale are identified as the factors that can hamper cooperation. These have produced recommendations of possible strategies for optimising regional coordination structures which respect the subsidiarity principle underpinning the MSFD.     

A Numerical Model for Edge Waves on A Compound Slope

An edge wave is a kind of surface gravity wave basically travelling along a shoaling beach. Based on the periodic assumption in the longshore direction, a second order ordinary differential equation is obtained for numerical simulation of the cross-shore surface elevation. Given parameters at the shoreline, a cross-shore elevation profile is obtained through integration with fourth-order Runge-Kutta technique. For a compound slope, a longshore wavenumber is obtained by following a geometrical approach and solving a transcendental equation with an asymptotic method. Numerical results on uniform and compound sloping beaches with different wave periods, slope angles, modes and turning point positions are presented. Some special scenarios, which cannot be predicted by analytical models are also discussed.     

北斗三期试验卫星精密定轨及对PPP定位影响的分析

基于北斗三期试验卫星的实测数据确定其精密轨道和钟差,结果表明三期试验卫星IGSO径向重叠弧段精度优于7.0 cm,MEO优于5.3 cm,与二期非GEO卫星相当。采用相应轨道和钟差产品进行静态精密单点定位结果表明,在加入北斗三期试验卫星后,监测站坐标平面精度优于1.0 cm,高程精度优于2.6 cm,相对于仅采用北斗二期卫星定位结果分别提高0.5 cm和1.2 cm,且收敛时间缩短约2 h 35 min。     

“地—楼—房—人”一体化集成关键技术探索

以城市土地、建筑、房屋和人口(法人)四个领域数据为研究对象,探讨面向"地-楼-房-人"一体化集成框架组成以及一体化化数据模型、城市空间编码中心、多维数据自动融合、非空间信息自动寻址、数据协同更新等关键技术,并在工程项目中验证了本研究的可行性和有效性。     

Tianhui-1C卫星数据质量分析及精密定轨

对Tianhui-1C卫星的星载双频GPS数据进行质量分析,利用伪随机脉冲方法进行简化动力学定轨,采用重叠弧段比较法对其精密定轨精度进行初步分析,并从理论上分析星载GPS接收机由单频改为双频对测图精度的影响。实验表明,Tianhui-1C卫星的星载GPS观测数据完整率优于80%,周跳比优于47,L1频点的多路径误差约0.22 m,L2频点的多路径误差约0.23 m,LC组合观测值的验后残差RMS优于9.7 mm。采用轨道重叠弧段比较法对两个时段共48 h的星载GPS数据进行精密定轨精度比较,三维精度优于3.65 cm。定轨精度的提高,可使无地面点控制条件下等高线间距（CI）精度提高3.866 m,高程误差提高1.171 m。     

基于GNSS网络的实时精密单点定位及精度分析

基于局域GNSS网络,以历元间、星间差分技术实时估计了GPS卫星相对钟差的历元间差值;针对所估计实时精密钟差的特征,推导了实时精密单点定位的估计模型.对所估计得到的相对钟差的历元间差值、实时定位结果分别进行了比较、分析.结果表明,相对钟差的历元间差值与IGS的最终星历相比其精度可以达到0.08 ns;每小时观测的实时静态定位结果在N、E、U三个方向的精度分别为1.47、3.62、4.09 cm.动态模式,实时结果在N、E、U三个方向的精度分别为2.63、3.82、5.20 cm.与采用IGS最终轨道和钟差解算的结果相比较,实时计算结果优于采用精密轨道和精密钟差计算结果.     

考虑自退磁影响的三维复杂形体磁场正反演研究进展与展望

忽视自退磁效应的影响,会导致磁异常反演结果的误差,影响地质解释的效果,这使得人们在实际应用中不得不考虑退磁的影响.本文对考虑自退磁影响的三维复杂形体磁场正演和反演方法进行了系统总结,论述了各种方法的特点和实际应用中的困难,提出了考虑自退磁影响的三维复杂形体磁场正反演研究的发展方向.     

结构地震反应的频域精细传递矩阵法

传统的传递矩阵法需要对控制微分方程进行求解,获得相应的传递矩阵。公式繁琐、复杂。文中提出将传递矩阵法与精细积分法中的指数矩阵运算技巧结合起来,在频域内对结构进行动力分析。与传统的传递矩阵法相比,无需对微分方程进行求解,只需按照迭代公式进行计算,就可以得到所需要的传递矩阵。这种方法公式简单,理论上可实现任意精度,而且计算效率较高,能够快速、高精度的进行结构的地震反应分析。算例显示了精细传递矩阵法的有效性。     

Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) δN as a bioindicator of nitrogen sources: Observations and modeling

Stable nitrogen isotopes (δ¹⁵N) in bioindicators are increasingly employed to identify nitrogen sources in many ecosystems and biological characteristics of the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) make it an appropriate species for this purpose. To assess nitrogen isotopic fractionation associated with assimilation and baseline variations in oyster mantle, gill, and muscle tissue δ¹⁵N, manipulative fieldwork in Chesapeake Bay and corresponding modeling exercises were conducted. This study (1) determined that five individuals represented an optimal sample size; (2) verified that δ¹⁵N in oysters from two locations converged after shared deployment to a new location reflecting a change in nitrogen sources; (3) identified required exposure time and temporal integration (four months for muscle, two to three months for gill and mantle); and (4) demonstrated seasonal δ¹⁵N increases in seston (summer) and oysters (winter). As bioindicators, oysters can be deployed for spatial interpolation of nitrogen sources, even in areas lacking extant populations.     

比萨斜塔斜而不倒的数学奥秘

比萨斜塔从修建至今800余年缘何斜而不倒,这是一个颇具吸引力的问题。围绕这一问题,从土材料的变形机制入手,介绍了其变形的加载次序相关性。经微分学中曲线积分路径无关的充分必要条件检验,证实了经典岩土本构模型Cam-clay对土材料应变的加载应力路径相关性描述与试验相符。土材料变形与加载次序的相关性在应用增量本构模型计算中,实际就体现在模型描述于数学上的曲线积分路径相关性上。完全一样的比萨斜塔,完全一样的地基,仅修建时间长短的不同便造就了地基土中有效应力加载路径的显著差异,从而极大地影响了与加载应力路径相关的广义剪应变的发展情况,最终决定了地基土的破坏与否,建筑物的倒塌与否。从这个角度,深刻巧妙地揭示出比萨斜塔数百年来斜而不倒的数学奥秘。在解释Burland等对比萨斜塔一次修建完工将会倒塌的观点同时提出猜想：如果进行更加缓慢的修建,地基土有效应力路径会更加远离临界状态应力线,那么比萨斜塔今天的倾斜程度可能大为降低。