有耗分层媒质上瞬变电磁测深的联合时-频解释

时-频分析是信号分析中非常有力的工具,近年来在处理非稳态信号方面获得了很大的成功。本文将联合时-频分析 (JTFA)用于处理地球物理勘探中具有扩散性质的瞬变电磁场信号。首先用数字滤波和逆拉氏算法模拟了分层大地表面上中心回线装置的瞬变响应,然后用Gabor展开研究它们的时-频谱,结果将地层序列成功地区分开来,为瞬变电磁法勘探提供了新的解释手段。      

TEM拟地震解释中的反射系数确定

在反射波地震勘探中,能观测到输入大地中的地震波在介质的分界面上的反射,这些反射组成的时间序列就是地震记录,而记录上所显示的反射序列可以看作是地下介质的脉冲响应。TEM电磁波场源同样存在二次波和透射波,从电磁波和弹性波在介质中传播的相似性角度认识,存在二次场拟地震解释的条件。其中,对它们的反射系数函数的对比分析,是认识两者有机地联系的关键。本文就是基于上述理论,运用解释地震资料的方法解释电磁法资料。      

目前电磁法用于矿产勘查面临的几个问题的思考

通过对目前电磁法(主要指瞬变电磁法、甚低频电磁法)用于矿产勘查时所面临的仪器灵敏度、解决地质构造、提高工作效率、提高发射功率等几个问题的思考,认为实际工作中的电磁效应是被噪声干扰了的,与理论上的电磁效应的数据也相去很远,从而造成有用异常与噪声混杂,无法区分.克服这一系列问题的关键就是从仪器上下功夫.应尽快开展电磁法用于中浅部地质构造的研究工作.电磁法不是万能的,却又是可利用的,应引起我们更多关注.以进一步推动电磁法在矿产勘查工作中的应用.     

新疆西天山(南段)区域地球化学异常特征

西天山（南段）地区地处伊犁亚板块南缘活动带和塔里木板块边缘活动带内.向北突出呈弧形展布的近东西向主干断裂控制本区地层、岩浆岩及地球化学异常的分布.主体为志留、泥盆系富含碳质的碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩沉积.西天山（南段）主要成矿元素及其伴生元素集中在志留系、泥盆系和石炭系中,因而它们是研究区内最有潜力的找矿层位.志留系Au、As、Sb、Sn、Zn、Cr、Ni、Co、Ti富集,微量元素分布不均匀,元素组合多样,局部地段有富集成矿的趋势,地球化学图上有明显的Au、As、Sb、Hg、Cu的单元素异常或多元素的组合异常出现;泥盆系总体地球化学背景偏高,空间分布不均匀,元素组合复杂.富集元素有Au、As、Sb、Hg,有多元素的综合异常显示.根据区内元素异常分布、组合类型及控制异常分布的主要地质因素,将本区划分为4条综合异常带（9条亚带）.     

Landscape transformation of an Alpine floodplain influenced by humans: historical analyses from aerial images

Natural floodplains are spatially heterogeneous and dynamic ecosystems but at the same time, a highly endangered landscape feature due to climate change and human impacts such as water storage, flood control and hydropower production. Flow is considered a master variable that shapes channel morphology and the heterogeneity, distribution, and turnover of floodplain habitats. Despite their highly dynamic nature, the relative abundance of different habitat elements (islands, gravel bars) in natural floodplains seems to remain relatively constant over ecological periods and is referred to as the shifting mosaic steady state concept. In this conceptual context, we analysed spatiotemporal changes in relative habitat abundance and channel complexity of an alpine floodplain from its near natural state in 1940 before water abstraction and levee construction until 2007 using historical aerial images. Within the first decades of impairment, the relative abundance of floodplain habitats that depend on flood and flow pulses such as parafluvial channels and islands shifted toward a greater abundance of terrestrial forest and grassland habitats. After 1986, the duration and frequencies of high‐precipitation events (>60 mm 24 h^–1) triggering major, channel‐reworking floods increased substantially and caused a restructuring of the floodplain and decrease in the abundance of more terrestrial habitat types. These results are contrary to expectations of the shifting mosaic steady state concept yet suggest its potential application as an indicator of landscape transformation and human impacts on floodplain ecosystems. Last, the results raise the applied question as to whether an increased frequency of high flow events induced by climate change can contribute to floodplain restoration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Identification of groundwater exfiltration,interflow discharge,and hyporheic exchange flows by fibre optic distributed temperature sensing supported by electromagnetic induction geophysics

Water exchange across the sediment–water interface of streams impresses a characteristic thermal pattern at the interface. The use of fibre optic distributed temperature sensing at the sediment–water interface in a small sand‐bed stream identifies such temperature patterns. Groundwater and interflow can be differentiated based on the temporal evolution of temperature patterns. Additionally, sudden temperature changes at the sediment–water interface observed during the transit of floods enable spatial identification of local up and downwelling. Electromagnetic induction geophysics can detect subsurface texture structures that support groundwater–surface water exchange. Our results show that areas of permanent temperature anomalies observed with fibre optic distributed temperature sensing match areas of comparatively homogeneous electrical conductivity. This indicates groundwater discharge and enables differentiating groundwater discharge from interflow and local downwelling.     

A coupled analysis of cavity and pore volume changes for pulse tests conducted in soft clay deposits

This paper presents a new interpretation method for pulse tests, a field permeability test that allows for rapid measurements of hydraulic conductivity k in aquitards. This new method applies to soft clay deposits. To initiate a pulse test, a known volume of water is injected into the sand filter of a monitoring well isolated by a packer. The resulting pressure increase yields an outward movement of the sand filter cavity wall. After presenting the usual interpretation methods and their limits, this paper proposes a new interpretation method based on a coupled analysis of the pressure and displacement fields in the soil using the Biot–Darcy formulation. A series of analytical and numerical non‐dimensional velocity graphs, normalized plots of the mean hydraulic head difference versus its rate of change, are given. For a linear elastic material, these type curves show relatively small variations with the sand filter aspect ratio and the Poisson ratio of the tested clay. The type curves are also found to be independent of the clay compressibility (m_v) and k, an important result. A series of pulse tests conducted in a soft marine clay deposit near Montreal, Canada, are interpreted with the proposed method. The hydraulic conductivity values calculated from these tests are closely correlated with independent estimates obtained using long‐duration variable‐head tests. Compared with previous interpretation methods, the proposed method allows soil volume changes to be reconciled with cavity expansion phenomena and the range of type curves available for the interpretation of test data to be constrained. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

瞬变电磁法在煤矿采空区注浆效果检测方面的应用

通过对某煤矿采空区进行瞬变电磁法勘探及注浆效果评价实例分析,证实瞬变电磁法不仅能准确圈定采空区的分布范围,而且能有效检测采空区注浆后的工程质量。利用瞬变电磁法进行采空区注浆前后的检测评价,须采用相同的勘探网度及测点布设,相同的数据采集参数及处理方法、处理流程及处理参数等。实例表明采空区的电阻率异常值及分布范围在注浆前后有明显的差别,表现为电阻率等值线的起伏形态、梯度、展布方向等特征存在着较大差异。     

井下瞬变电磁法在巷道底板含水性探测的应用

某矿井目前主要开采山西组煤,为保证下部太原组煤的安全开拓,需查明其底板的水文地质条件。根据该矿井的地质条件,采用井下瞬变电磁法小线框的工作方式,在一采区-530m水平及其以上相关大巷及17煤首采工作面两顺槽内布置6条测线进行探测。在资料解释中,通过设定2级异常阀值对井下富水性进行评价,查明了巷道底板的含水性。经验证,资料处理解释结果与实际揭露地质构造对应良好。     

综合物探技术在山西某整合矿井的应用

山西某整合矿井地表条件复杂,目的层埋深变化大,部分区段煤层埋藏较浅,且有采空区存在,为解决该矿地质构造、采空区范围及其富水性以及影响煤层开采的其它水文地质问题,采用三维地震勘探与瞬变电磁法、直流电测深法相结合的综合物探技术。利用三维地震勘探解决目的层赋存形态及其地质构造问题;再利用瞬变电磁法进行平面控制,以使平面及深度解释误差达到勘探要求;应用直流电测深法及瞬变电磁进行勘探,在正反演解释的基础上对其资料综合分析、对比,并结合三维地震资料,确定地质构造的富水及导水性,取得了较好勘探效果。