Characteristics of breaking irregular wave forces on a monopile

The substructures of offshore wind turbines are subjected to extreme breaking irregular wave forces. The present study is focused on investigating breaking irregular wave forces on a monopile using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based numerical model. The breaking irregular wave forces on a monopile mounted on a slope are investigated with a numerical wave tank. The experimental and numerical irregular free surface elevations are compared in the frequency-domain for the different locations in the vicinity of the cylinder. A numerical analysis is performed for different wave steepness cases to understand the influence of wave steepness on the breaking irregular wave loads. The wave height transformation and energy level evolution during the wave shoaling and wave breaking processes is investigated. The higher-frequency components generated during the wave breaking process are observed to play a significant role in initiating the secondary force peaks. The free surface elevation skewness and spectral bandwidth during the wave transformation process are analysed and an investigation is performed to establish a correlation of these parameters with the breaking irregular wave forces. The role of the horizontal wave-induced water particle velocity at the free surface and free surface pressure in determining the breaking wave loads is highlighted. The higher-frequency components in the velocity and pressure spectrum are observed to be significant in influencing the secondary peaks in the breaking wave force spectrum.     

Modelling of the passive turning of a turret moored vessel in conditions of compact ice

The concept of the offshore oil and gas field development using floating ship-shaped platforms, frequently named floating production units (FPU further), with turret mooring is widely used in the world, including regions with harsh environment. The direct transfer of this concept to the Arctic seas is not possible, mostly due to the difficulties of maintaining a weathervaning, or passive turning regime in heavy ice conditions. The main danger relates to the fact that the expected FPU rotation under the action of high ice loads can be accompanied by a translational displacement of the FPU away from the mooring point. As a result, the mooring system may reach an overloaded state until the FPU turns to a favourable position relative to the ice drift direction. In the paper, we are focused on the investigation of a mathematical model of the passive FPU turning on a spot under the assumption that the ice cover is described by a rigid-plastic continuum. The study is performed both analytically and by numerical simulations. A number of specific FPU motion patterns are analytically derived from the model in quasi-static approximation in the form of successive limit states of the system FPU – ice continuum. Some results of the corresponding numerical simulation are presented that confirm the existence of similar solutions in the full dynamic setting of the problem. A partial parametric analysis of the problem is also performed.     

Large-time response of ice cover to a load moving along a frozen channel

Unsteady response of an ice cover in a channel with vertical walls is studied for large times. The ice deflection is caused by a load moving along the frozen channel at a constant speed. The ice cover is modelled as a thin elastic plate clamped to the walls of the channel. The time-dependent problem is solved by using the Fourier transform along the channel and the method of separating variables. In the system moving along the channel together with the load, the large-time deflection of the ice cover consists of steady deflection and standing waves in front and behind the load. The number of waves, their frequencies and wavenumbers depend on the speed of the load and the values of the critical speeds for the channel. The number of the waves and their amplitudes are calculated for a given load and its speed. The maximum stress in the ice as a function of the load speed is estimated.     

南北带强震年度预测能力估计

对中国地震局原分析预报中心测震学科1988～1999年度划定的南北地震带强震(M≥7)危险区进行了回顾和分析。 结果表明, 从过程角度研究前兆地震活动图像及其演变是年度和中短期强震预测的有效途径, 这为南北地震带强震震情跟踪提供了条件。     

用GPS时间序列获取中国大陆微动态应变场

基于中国大陆GPS观测在国际地球参考框架（ITRF）获得的站点位置,由三角形法通过反演逐年推算中国大陆年微动态应变场. 结果显示,研究区年微动态应变场大致以南北地震带为界. 西部地区存在方向大体一致的年主压应变优势分布方向, 方向自西向东、 由近南北向转为北东向,与近代应变场的方向一致,表明西部地区变形主要是由印度板块向北推进和西伯利亚地块相对南推形成的,且整体上仍是新构造运动的继承;东部大部分地区不存在年主应变的优势分布方向.年最大剪应变在不同地区差别很大,变化范围从4.13times;10-8~7.0times;10-10, 总体上西部大于东部. 同一区域年最大剪应变的多年变化表明,西部变化大,东部变化平缓. 年面膨胀显示,研究区大部分为压缩区,且同一区域的多年变化平缓.      

渤海与环渤海地区年降水量的统计分析

本文以渤海海域及环渤海地区分水岭内为研究区域,利用环渤海地区分水岭内92个气象站点自1971年至2000年30年的降水量资料,基于ARC/INFO地理信息系统支持下的泰森多边形法,对研究区域内的平均年降水量进行了统计分析。结论如下:环渤海地区分水岭以内区域的平均年降水量占整个环渤海地区2000年降水量的63.88%;渤海海域海水直接利用量占该海域平均年降水量的8.82%,其中辽东湾的海水利用量占该湾平均年降水量的3.09%,渤海湾为15.86%,莱州湾为17.38%;辽东湾2002年的海冰资源量占该湾平均年降水量的6.08%。在渤海海域水量平衡的关系研究中,本研究是初步的,基础的。划出分水岭内的研究区域进行平均年降水量的统计较对整个环渤海地区进行统计更具精确性。     

长春地区地表温度日变、年变对地温测量的影响

通过实地观测试验,并采用傅里叶分析法进行理论分析,来研究长春地区地表温度日变、年变对地温测量的影响规律及影响深度,为在长春地区利用浅层地温测量方法研究地质问题提供重要参数信息.地温变化幅度随深度作指数衰减,衰减系数与地表温度周期、热扩散率有关.     

2012—2016年象山近岸海域水质评价与模拟研究

为了解象山近岸海域水质污染状况,文章根据2012—2016年象山县近岸海域的水质监测结果,分析象山近岸海域水质现状及年际变化。应用灰色预测的模型来对象山近岸海域水质主要污染物的相关数据进行处理,得出主要污染物的预测结果。分析结果表明：象山近岸海域主要污染物为无机氮。用预测结果和实际数值通过残差验证,最后模拟出今后几年的监测值,为象山县近岸海域生态环境相关管理部门提供数据支撑和决策依据。     

渤海、北黄海海冰与气候变化的关系

渤海和北黄海的冰情随着历年冬季气候差异而不同.暖冬海冰覆盖范围不足海域的15%,而寒冬可覆盖海域80%以上.概述了海冰监测及资料来源.冰覆盖面积、外缘线位置和冰况等级等被作为反映结冰海域冰情的指标.用大连和营口站的气温表示渤海、北黄海海域的局地气候.用1952～2000年大连的月平均气温描述冰情的变化.给出冰情指数由1952/1953年到1999/2000年随大连站月平均气温变化.影响渤海和北黄海冰情和气候的因子很多,诸如大气环流的演变和太阳活动等.分析了多种因子与冰情的滞后相关,指出20世纪90年代渤海冰情持续偏轻与全球气候变暖趋势相当一致;渤海和北黄海冰情的年际变化与El-Nino现象以及太阳活动周期有关;讨论了海冰季节演变的特征     

经验模态法在中国沿岸海平面变化中的应用研究

我国现代海平面变化的系统研究,开始于80年代前后,主要集中于海平面年变率和预测。早期所采用的方法有直线回归法、周期法外推预测等,之后有本征分析方法、随机动态预测模型及灰色系统方法等,以上方法各有利弊,但都因为不能较精确得到海平面变化中的各种周期变化而使得预测精度较差,尤其是对于海平面变化中较长周期的分辨方面。