SENSITIVITY TESTS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN LAND SURFACE PHYSICAL PROCESS AND ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER*

In this paper,an interactive model between land surface physical process and atmosphere boundary layer is established,and is used to simulate the features of soil environmental physics,surface heat fluxes,evaporation from soil and evapotranspiration from vegetation and structures of atmosphere boundary layer over grassland underlying.The sensitivity experiments are engaged in primary physics parameters.The results show that this model can obtain reasonable simulation for diurnal variations of heat balance,soil volumetric water content,resistance of vegetation evaporation,flux of surface moisture,and profiles of turbulent exchange coefficient,turbulent momentum,potential temperature,and specific humidity.The model developed can be used to study the interaction between land surface processes and atmospheric boundary layer in city regions,and can also be used in the simulation of regional climate incorporating a mesoscale model.     

年最大日雨量极值分布拟合与推算

采用红河州12个站近48～58年的年最大日雨量资料,用PearsonⅢ型分布、耿贝尔分布、对数正态分布等3种概率分布模型分别进行了拟合,选择拟合最好的分布模型来估算最大给定重现期极值.结果表明:3种分布均能较好地拟合年最大日雨量的分布,在红河州12个站的拟合中,有7个站用耿贝尔分布,4个站用Pearson-Ⅲ分布,1个...     

干旱区绿洲气候变化及影响——以新疆石河子为例

文章以新疆石河子气象局1961—2008年年均气温、年降水量和年均日照观测资料为研究对象,运用趋势拟合方法、Morlet小波和Yamamoto方法分析其趋势变化、周期及突变特性。结果表明:48年中,石河子年平均气温和年降水量呈递增趋势,年均日照呈微弱递减趋势,均有一定的周期性,在不同的年份发生了突变,最后分析了气候变化对农业生产的影响。     

Effects of the Soil Heat Flux Estimates on Surface Energy BalanceClosure over a Semi-Arid Grassland

Soil heat flux is important for surface energy balance (SEB), and inaccurate estimation of soil heat fluxoften leads to surface energy imbalance. In this paper, by using observations of surface radiation fluxesand soil temperature gradients at a semi-arid grassland in Xilingguole, Inner Mongolia, China from Juneto September 2008, the characters of the SEB for the semi-arid grassland were analyzed. Firstly, monthlyaveraged diurnal variations of SEB components were revealed. A 30-min forward phase displacement of soilheat flux (G) observed by a fluxplate at the depth of 5-cm below the soil surface was conducted and its effecton the SEB was studied. Secondly, the surface soil heat flux (Gs) was computed by using harmonic analysisand the effect of the soil heat storage between the surface and the fluxplate on the SEB was examined.The results show that with the 30-min forward phase displacement of observed G, the slope of the ordinarylinear regression (OLR) of turbulent fluxes (H+LE) against available energy (Rn–G) increased from 0.835to 0.842, i.e., the closure ratio of SEB increased by 0.7%, yet energy imclosure of 15.8% still existed in theSEB. When Gs, instead of G was used in the SEB equation, the slope of corresponding OLR of (H+LE)against (Rn–Gs) reached 0.979, thereby the imclosure ratio of SEB was reduced to only 2.1%.     

A Case Study Of An On-Ice Air Flow Over The Arctic Marginal Sea-Ice Zone

A case study of warm air advection over the Arctic marginalsea-ice zone is presented, based on aircraft observations with direct flux measurements carriedout in early spring, 1998. A shallow atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) was observed, which wasgradually cooling with distance downwind of the ice edge. This process was mainly connected with astrong stable stratification and downward turbulent heat fluxes of about 10–20 W m^-2, but wasalso due to radiative cooling. Two mesoscale models, one hydrostatic and the other non-hydrostatic,having different turbulence closures, were applied. Despite these fundamental differences betweenthe models, the results of both agreed well with the observed data. Various closure assumptions had amore crucial influence on the results than the differences between the models.Such an assumption was, for example,the parameterization of the surface roughness for momentum (z₀) and heat (z_T). This stronglyaffected the wind and temperature fields not only close to the surface but also within and abovethe temperature inversion layer. The best results were achieved using a formulation for z₀ that took intoaccount the form drag effect of sea-ice ridges together withz_T = 0.1z₀. The stability within theelevated inversion strongly depended on the minimum eddy diffusivity K_min. A simple ad hocparameterization seems applicable, where K_min is calculated as 0.005 timesthe neutral eddy diffusivity. Although the longwave radiative cooling was largest within the ABL, theapplication of a radiation scheme was less important there than above the ABL. This was related to theinteraction of the turbulent and radiative fluxes. To reproduce the strong inversion, it wasnecessary to use vertical and horizontal resolutions higher than those applied in most regional andlarge-scale atmospheric models.     

Regional Frequency Analysis of Observed Sub-Daily Rainfall Maxima over Eastern China

Based on hourly rainfall observational data from 442 stations during 1960–2014, a regional frequency analysis of the annual maxima(AM) sub-daily rainfall series(1-, 2-, 3-, 6-, 12-, and 24-h rainfall, using a moving window approach) for eastern China was conducted. Eastern China was divided into 13 homogeneous regions: Northeast(NE1, NE2), Central(C), Central North(CN1, CN2), Central East(CE1, CE2, CE3), Southeast(SE1, SE2, SE3, SE4), and Southwest(SW).The generalized extreme value performed best for the AM series in regions NE, C, CN2, CE1, CE2, SE2, and SW, and the generalized logistic distribution was appropriate in the other regions. Maximum return levels were in the SE4 region, with value ranges of 80–270 mm(1-h to 24-h rainfall) and 108–390 mm(1-h to 24-h rainfall) for 20- and 100 yr, respectively.Minimum return levels were in the CN1 and NE1 regions, with values of 37–104 mm and 53–140 mm for 20 and 100 yr,respectively. Comparing return levels using the optimal and commonly used Pearson-III distribution, the mean return-level differences in eastern China for 1–24-h rainfall varied from-3–4 mm to-23–11 mm(-10%–10%) for 20-yr events, reaching-6–26 mm(-10%–30%) and-10–133 mm(-10%–90%) for 100-yr events. In view of the large differences in estimated return levels, more attention should be given to frequency analysis of sub-daily rainfall over China, for improved water management and disaster reduction.     

人工植被和流动沙丘近地面层湍流通量的计算

提出了由Ｂｕｓｉｎｇｅｒ建议的无量纲廓线通用函数形式的近地面层稳定度参数ζ的相似方程分析解。代替了以往采用数值迭代法求ζ，并应用于沙漠人工植被和裸露流动沙丘上的实例资料分析。采用目前广泛应用的空气动力学方法，分别计算了动量和热量交换系数，感热和潜热通量，并由波文比－能量平衡方法进行了验证。结果表明：采用Ｂｕｓｉｎｇｅｒ无量纲通量廓线关系形式的近地面层稳定度参数ζ的相似方程分析解，代替以往惯用的数值     

Emission of nitric oxide from soils and termite nests in a Trachypogon savanna of the Orinoco basin

Nitric oxide fluxes from soils in the Trachypogon savanna of the Orinoco basin were determined during the dry season using the static chamber method. The emission from dry soils fluctuated from 0.4 to 3 ng N m^–2 s^–1 and increased up to 25 ng N m^–2 s^–1 after moderate watering or light rain-falls (1 to 5 mm). The mean emission values are up to 6 times lower than one observed earlier at the Chaguaramas site, but up to 10 times higher than one recorded at the Guri site, indicating an important spatial variability in NO fluxes of the Venezuelan savanna region. The changes observed after the addition of nitrogen to the soil, in the form of ammonium and/or nitrate, indicate a high denitrification potential in this acidic soil. Burning of the surface vegetation produced an increase by a factor of 10 in the emission rate of NO, but the effect was relatively short in time, about 5 days. It was estimated for the savanna region that burning increases the total NO soil emission during the dry season by 15% compared to the unburnt case. Soils with termite nests emit 10 times more NO than soil without nests, but the contribution from this source is less than 2% of the total savanna soil flux.     

Amplitude—Phase Characteristics of the Annual Cycle of Surface Air Temperature in the Northern Hemisphere

The amplitude-phase characteristics(APC)of surface air temperature(SAT)annual cycle(AC)in the Northern Hemisphere are analyzed.From meteorological observations for the 20th century and meteorological reanalyses for its second half,it is found that over land negative correlation of SAT ACamplitude with annual mean SAT dominates.Nevertheless,some exceptions exist.The positive correlationbetween these two variables is found over the two desert regions:in northern Africa and in Central America.Areas of positive correlations are also found for the northern Pacific and for the tropical Indian and PacificOceans.Southward of the characteristic annual mean snow-ice boundary (SIB) position,the shape ofthe SAT AC becomes more sinusoidal under climate warming.In contrast,northward of it,this shapebecomes less sinusoidal.The latter iS also found for the above-mentioned two desert regions.In theFar East(southward of about 50°N),the SAT AC shifts as a whole:here its spring and autumn phasesoccur earlier if the annual